Samanera

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Theravadan Sāmaṇeras in Thailand

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Sāmaṇeras from the tradition of Korean Buddhism

A (Pali; Template:Langx), is a novice male monk in a Buddhist context. A female novice nun is in Template:Langx, and in Template:Langx or . In Tibetan Buddhism, a female novice nun is known by the Tibetan language term , and a male novice monk is a .

Etymology

The is a Pali language diminutive equivalent to the Sanskrit term , which indicates an ascetic practitioner. Therefore, might be said to mean "small or young renunciate (ascetic)". In some South and Southeast Asian Buddhist traditions, the term refers to someone who has taken the initial pravrajya vows but not the upasampada or full ordination. The pratimokṣa rules do not apply to them and they do not take part in the recital of the rules on uposatha days.

The Sanskrit word is the feminine form of Template:Langx.

History

The account provided in the literature of South Asian Buddhism (and adopted by other Buddhist traditions) is that when Gautama Buddha's son Rāhula was seven years old, he followed the Buddha, saying "Give me my inheritance." The Buddha called Sariputta and asked him to ordain Rāhula, who became the first sāmaṇera.Template:Quote

Overview

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Thai novices sweeping temple grounds

In the Vinaya (monastic regulations) used by many South Asian Buddhist sects, a man under the age of 20 cannot be ordained as a bhikṣu (monk) but can be ordained as a . (and Template:Sndthe equivalent term for girls) keep the Ten Precepts as their code of behaviour and devote themselves to the religious life during breaks from secular schooling, or in conjunction with it if devoted to formal ordination. In other cultures and Buddhist traditions (particularly Northeast Asia, and those in the West that derive from these lineages), monks take different sets of vows and follow different customary rules.

The Ten Precepts upheld by are:

1. Refrain from killing or harming living things.
2. Refrain from stealing.
3. Refrain from unchastity (sensuality, sexuality, lust).
4. Refrain from lying.
5. Refrain from taking intoxicants.
6. Refrain from taking food at inappropriate times (after noon).
7. Refrain from singing, dancing, playing music or attending entertainment programs (performances).
8. Refrain from wearing perfume, cosmetics and garland (decorative accessories).
9. Refrain from sitting on high chairs and sleeping on luxurious, soft beds.
10. Refrain from accepting money.

Ordination differs between and .

Transition to full ordination

After a year or at the age of 20, a will be considered for the upasampada or higher ordination as a bhikṣu. Some monasteries will require people who want to ordain as a monk to be a novice for a set period of time, as a period of preparation and familiarization.

Ordination of women

The novice ordination of women, according to the traditional vinaya, is conferred by monks, and by nuns when possible. Novice nuns (Template:Langx, or Template:Langx and ) honor their vows of the Ten Precepts as their code of behaviour.

After a year or at the age of 20, a novice nun can be ordained as a full (Template:Langx). The ordination rituals depend on the nun's specific tradition of Buddhism, while the number of their precepts increases substantially.

In Myanmar

In Myanmar (Burma), are known as shin thamane (ရှင်သာမဏေ) or thamane (သာမဏေ). In Burmese culture, young Buddhist boys traditionally ordain as for a period of time, as a rite of passage called shinbyu; this is considered one of the Twelve Auspicious Rites. In 2016, Myanmar had 252,962 .

See also

• Anagarika
• International Congress on Buddhist Women's Role in the Sangha
• Maechi
• Nun
• World Buddhist Sangha Council
• Ordination
• Sangha
• Poy Sang Long
• Shinbyu
• Śikṣamāṇā
• Unsui

External links

• The Bhikkhunis' Code of Discipline (Bhikkhunī Pāṭimokkha') Translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu
• Buddhist Monastic Code II: Bhikkhunis
• the website of Bhante Sujato's Writings contains several (ancient and modern) texts on the role and ordination of women in Buddhism.
• Bhikkhuni committee of the ASA includes a large resource of articles regarding Bhikkhunis
• "Female Monks In Buddhism", by Dhammacaro (07/23/2005).
• "Vinaya Pitaka", brief description includes "Order of ordination for men and women...."