Short-chain fatty acid

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Template:Short description Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are fatty acids of two to six carbon atoms.[1] The SCFAs' lower limit is interpreted differently, either with one, two, three or four carbon atoms.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Derived from intestinal microbial fermentation of indigestible foods, SCFAs in human gut are acetic, propionic and butyric acid. They are the main energy source of colonocytes, making them crucial to gastrointestinal health.[1][2] SCFAs all possess varying degrees of water solubility, which distinguishes them from longer chain fatty acids that are immiscible.

List of SCFAs

Lipid number Name Salt/Ester Name Formula Mass
(g/mol) 		Diagram
Common Systematic Common Systematic Molecular Structural
C2:0 Acetic acid Ethanoic acid Acetate Ethanoate Template:Chem2 Template:Chem2 60.05
File:Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg
C3:0 Propionic acid Propanoic acid Propionate Propanoate Template:Chem2 Template:Chem2 74.08
File:Propionic acid chemical structure.svg
C4:0 Butyric acid Butanoic acid Butyrate Butanoate Template:Chem2 Template:Chem2 88.11
File:Butyric acid acsv.svg
C4:0 Isobutyric acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Isobutyrate 2-Methylpropanoate Template:Chem2 Template:Chem2 88.11
File:Isobutyric-acid.svg
C5:0 Valeric acid Pentanoic acid Valerate Pentanoate Template:Chem2 Template:Chem2 102.13
File:Valeric acid acsv.svg
C5:0 Isovaleric acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Isovalerate 3-Methylbutanoate Template:Chem2 Template:Chem2 102.13
File:Isovaleric acid structure.png
C5:0 2-Methylbutyric acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoate 2-Methylbutanoate Template:Chem2 Template:Chem2 102.13
File:2-Methylbutyric acid.svg

Functions

SCFAs are produced when dietary fiber is fermented in the colon.[1][3] Macronutrient composition (carbohydrate, protein or fat) of diets affects circulating SCFAs.[4] Acetate, propionate and butyrate are the three most common SCFAs.[3] Butyrate is particularly important for colon health because it is the primary energy source for colonocytes (the epithelial cells of the colon).[1][2] The liver can use acetate for energy.[5]

SCFAs and medium-chain fatty acids are primarily absorbed through the portal vein during lipid digestion,[6] while long-chain fatty acids are packed into chylomicrons, enter lymphatic capillaries, then transfer to the blood at the subclavian vein.[1]

SCFAs have diverse physiological roles in body functions, affecting the production of lipids, energy, and vitamins.[1][2][7] They may affect appetite and cardiometabolic health.[4]

See also

References

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Further reading

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