Second-level domain

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Template:Short description Template:Redirect-distinguish In the Domain Name System (DNS) hierarchy, a second-level domain (SLD or 2LD) is a domain that is directly below a top-level domain (TLD). For example, in Template:Mono, Template:Mono is the second-level domain of the Template:Mono TLD.

Second-level domains commonly refer to the organization that registered the domain name with a domain name registrar. Some domain name registries introduce a second-level hierarchy to a TLD that indicates the type of entity intended to register an SLD under it. For example, in the .uk namespace a college or other academic institution would register under the Template:Mono ccSLD, while companies would register under Template:Mono. Strictly speaking, domains like .ac.uk and .co.uk are second level domain themselves, since they are right below a TLD. A list of the official TLDs can be found at icann.org and iana.org. An ordinal-free term to denote domains under which people can register their own domain name is public suffix domain (PSD).

Country-code second-level domains

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Algeria

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Australia

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Austria

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In Austria there are two second-level domains available for the public:

  • .co.at intended for commercial enterprises
  • .or.at intended for organizations.[1]

The second-level domain

  • .priv.at is restricted to Austrian citizens only, while
  • .ac.at and .gv.at are reserved for educational institutions and governmental bodies respectively.[2][3]

Bangladesh

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  • .com.bd, .net.bd and .org.bd is open for registration for all Bangladeshi citizens and companies.
  • .edu.bd and .ac.bd is open for all kinds of educational institutions in Bangladesh.
  • .info.bd is restricted for personal use.
  • .co.bd is open for companies or agencies. But presently not available for registration.
  • .gov.bd is restricted to the government entities.
  • .mil.bd is restricted for military use.
  • .tv.bd is open for broadcasting and media agencies.

Brazil

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France

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In France, there are various second-level domains available for certain sectors, including

  • .avocat.fr for attorneys,
  • .aeroport.fr for airports and
  • .veterinaire.fr for vets.[4]

Hungary

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New Zealand

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Nigeria

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  • com.ng – open domain, commercial entities and businesses
  • org.ng – semi-open domain, non-commercial organizations
  • gov.ng – closed domain, governmental organizations
  • edu.ng – closed domain, degree awarding institutions
  • net.ng – closed domain, ISP infrastructure
  • sch.ng – closed domain, secondary schools
  • name.ng – open domain, individuals
  • mobi.ng – open domain, suitable for mobile devices
  • mil.ng – closed domain (Nigerian military establishments only)
  • i.ng – open domain, any purpose

Pakistan

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India

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Template:As of, liberalised policies for the Template:Mono domain allow unlimited second-level registrations under Template:Mono. Unlimited registrations under the previously structured existing zones are also allowed:

Zones reserved for use by qualified institutions in India:

Before the introduction of liberalised registration policies for the Template:Mono domain, only 7000 names had been registered between 1992 and 2004. Template:As of, the number had increased to over 610,000 domain names with 60% of registrations coming from India and the rest from overseas. By October 2011, the number had surpassed 1 million domain names. Template:As of, the number has more than doubled to over 2 million domain names.

Israel

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Japan

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Russia

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South Africa

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South Korea

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Spain

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Sri Lanka

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Registrations are taken at the second level and also at the third level beneath various categorized second level names. A second-level registration automatically blocks the name from registration by anybody else under any of the third-level names.

  • .com.lk: Commercial entities
  • .org.lk: Noncommercial organizations
  • .edu.lk: Educational sites
  • .ngo.lk: Non-governmental organizations
  • .soc.lk: Registered societies
  • .web.lk: Web sites
  • .ltd.lk: Limited liability companies
  • .assn.lk: Associations
  • .grp.lk: Groups of companies
  • .hotel.lk: Hotels

Thailand

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Trinidad and Tobago

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  • co.tt
  • com.tt
  • org.tt
  • net.tt
  • travel.tt
  • museum.tt
  • aero.tt
  • tel.tt
  • name.tt
  • charity.tt
  • mil.tt
  • edu.tt
  • gov.tt

Turkey

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In Turkey, domain registrations, including the registration of second-level domains is administrated by TRABİS.[5] There 22 active second-level domains under the .tr TLD.[6] The registration of domains is restricted to Turkish individuals and businesses, or foreign companies with a business activity in Turkey.[7] Second-level domains include .com.tr for commercial ventures, .edu.tr for academic institutions and .name.tr for personal use.[6] Turkey second-level domains include:

  • gov.tr (reserved for the Government of Turkey and state institutions/organizations)
  • mil.tr (reserved for the Turkish Armed Forces; retired in 2010 and replaced by tsk.tr)
  • tsk.tr (reserved for the Turkish Armed Forces; used since 2010)
  • k12.tr (reserved for schools approved by the Ministry of National Education)
  • edu.tr (reserved for higher education institutions approved by the Council of Higher Education)
  • av.tr (reserved for freelance lawyers, law firms and attorney partnerships)
  • dr.tr (reserved for medical doctors, medical partnerships, hospitals, and healthcare services)
  • bel.tr (reserved for provincial, district, and town municipal organizations and governments)
  • pol.tr (reserved for the General Directorate of Security and police)
  • kep.tr (reserved for Registered Electronic Mail Service Providers [KEPHS] authorized by the Information and Communication Technologies Authority)
  • com.tr (intended for commercial entities)
  • net.tr (reserved for network operators/providers, as well as internet-related access services such as portals, e-mail, etc.)
  • org.tr (reserved for nonprofit entities such as foundations, associations, and non-governmental organizations)
  • info.tr (intended for informational websites)
  • bbs.tr (reserved for entities providing BBS services)
  • nom.tr (reserved for individual/personal use)
  • tv.tr (reserved for entities in the television industry)
  • biz.tr (intended for commercial entities)
  • tel.tr (reserved for use in connection with Turkish telephone numbers)
  • gen.tr (general use)
  • web.tr (general use)
  • name.tr (reserved for individual/personal use)[6]

Ukraine

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Ukraine second-level domains include:

  • .gov.ua – available for government agencies.
  • .com.ua – for commercial use.
  • .in.ua – for commercial use.
  • .org.ua – intended for non-profit organizations.
  • .net.ua – intended for Internet providers.
  • .edu.ua – for academic institutions.

There are also numerous geographic names.

United Kingdom

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United States

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". A two-letter second-level domain is formally reserved for each U.S. state, federal territory, and the District of Columbia.

Zambia

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Historic second-level domains

There are several second-level domains which are no longer available.

Australia

Second-level domains under .au which are no longer available include: Template:Not a typo originally intended for conferences; Template:Not a typo for the Australian Academic and Research networks; Template:Not a typo for general information, Template:Not a typo and Template:Not a typo for the X.400 mail systems.[8]

Canada

Prior to 12 Oct 2010 there were second level domain based on province: .ab.ca — Alberta, .bc.ca — British Columbia, .mb.ca — Manitoba, .nb.ca — New Brunswick, .nf.ca — Newfoundland, .nl.ca — Newfoundland and Labrador, .ns.ca — Nova Scotia, .nt.ca — Northwest Territories, .nu.ca — Nunavut, .on.ca — Ontario, .pe.ca — Prince Edward Island, .qc.ca — Quebec, .sk.ca — Saskatchewan, .yk.ca — Yukon Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Since 2010, some have been replaced (for example, alberta.ca) while others have remained under the provincial two letter SLD (e.g., Calgary Board of Education www.cbe.ab.ca) and others were moved to more traditional subdomains (www.transportation.alberta.ca).[9]

France

Historic second-level domains for France included: .tm.fr (for brands), .com.fr (for commercial use) and Template:Not a typo. [10][11]

The Netherlands

Historic second-level domains for the Netherlands included: .co.nl (for commercial use)[12][13]

Yugoslavia

In 2006 the Template:Not a typo ccTLD was replaced by Template:Not a typo (for Serbia) and Template:Not a typo (for Montenegro). Second-level domains under Template:Not a typo included: Template:Not a typo – for academic institutions, Template:Not a typo for commercial enterprises; Template:Not a typo for organizations and Template:Not a typo for residents of Montenegro. Only legal entities were allowed to register names under Template:Not a typo and its second-level domains.[14]

Tuvalu

Historic second-level domains for Tuvalu included: co.tv

Legal issues

As a result of ICANN's generic top-level domain (gTLD) expansion,[15] the risk of domain squatting has increased significantly. For example, based on current regulations, the registration of the gTLDs Template:Not a typo or Template:Not a typo is not allowed; however, the registration of sites such as Template:Not a typo or Template:Not a typo is not controlled.[16] Experts say Script error: No such module "Unsubst". that further restrictions are needed for second-level domains under the new gTLD Template:Not a typo, as well. For example, second-level domains under Template:Not a typo or Template:Not a typo can be easily misused by companies and therefore are a potential threat to Internet users.[17]

See also

References

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  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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