Saccidānanda

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Template:Short description Template:Italic title Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Saccidānanda (Template:Langx; also Sat-cit-ānanda[1]) is an epithet and description for the subjective experience of the ultimate unchanging reality, called Brahman,[2]Template:SfnTemplate:Refn in certain branches of Hindu philosophy, especially Vedanta. It represents "existence, consciousness, and bliss"Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn or "truth, consciousness, bliss".[3]

Etymology

Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".; pre-sandhi form sat-cit-ānanda) is a compounded Sanskrit word consisting of "sat", "cit", and "ānanda", all three considered as inseparable from the nature of ultimate reality called Brahman in Hinduism.[4] The different forms of spelling is driven by euphonic (sandhi) rules of Sanskrit, useful in different contexts.[4]

  • sat (Script error: No such module "Lang".):[5] In Sanskrit, sat means "being, existence", "real, actual", "true, good, right", or "that which really is, existence, essence, true being, really existent, good, true".[5]Template:Refn
  • cit (Script error: No such module "Lang".):[6] means "consciousness" or "spirit".[7][8][9]
  • ānanda (Script error: No such module "Lang".):[10] means "happiness, joy, bliss", "pure happiness, one of three attributes of Atman or Brahman in the Vedanta philosophy".[10] Loctefeld and other scholars translate ananda as "bliss".[7][8]

Script error: No such module "lang". is therefore translated as "truth consciousness bliss",[3][11][12] "reality consciousness bliss",[13][14] or "Existence Consciousness Bliss".Template:Sfn

Discussion

The term is contextually related to "the ultimate reality" in various schools of Hindu traditions.[4] In theistic traditions, Script error: No such module "lang". is the same as God such as Vishnu,[15] Shiva[16] or Goddess in Shakti traditions.[17] In monist traditions, Script error: No such module "lang". is considered directly inseparable from Script error: No such module "lang". (attributeless) Brahman or the "universal ground of all beings", wherein the Brahman is identical with Atman, the true individual self.[18]Template:Sfn A Jiva is instructed to identify themselves with the Atman, which is the Brahman in a being, thus the purpose of human birth is to realize "I am Brahman" (Aham Brahmasmi) through Prajna which leads to the state of "ultimate consciousness" referred as sat-chit-ananda and subsequently Moksha, however as long as a being identifies with Maya which is finite, material and tangible, they will continue to gather Karma and remain in Saṃsāra.[19] Script error: No such module "lang". or Brahman is held to be the source of all reality, source of all conscious thought, and source of all perfection-bliss.[4] It is the ultimate, the complete, the destination of spiritual pursuit in Hinduism.[4]Template:Sfn[20]

Textual references

The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) is among the earliest Hindu texts which links and then discusses Atman (Self), Brahman (ultimate reality), awareness, joy and bliss such as in sections 2.4, 3.9 and 4.3.[21][22][23] The Chandogya Upanishad (c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".), in section 3.14 to 3.18, discusses Atman and Brahman, these being identical to "that which shines and glows both inside and outside", "dear", "pure knowing, awareness", "one's innermost being", "highest light", "luminous".[24][25] Other 1st-millennium BCE texts, such as the Taittiriya Upanishad in section 2.1, as well as minor Upanishads, discuss Atman and Brahman in saccidananda-related terminology.[26]

An early mention of the compound word Script error: No such module "lang". is in verse 3.11 of Tejobindu Upanishad,[27] composed before the 4th-century CE.[28][29] The context of Script error: No such module "lang". is explained in the Upanishad as follows:[30]

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The realization of Atman.

(...) I am of the nature of consciousness.
I am made of consciousness and bliss.
I am nondual, pure in form, absolute knowledge, absolute love.
I am changeless, devoid of desire or anger, I am detached.
I am One Essence, unlimitedness, utter consciousness.
I am boundless Bliss, existence and transcendent Bliss.
I am the Atman, that revels in itself.
I am the Sacchidananda that is eternal, enlightened and pure.

— Template:Comma separated entries

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Vedanta philosophy

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Vedantic philosophy understands Script error: No such module "lang". as a synonym of the three fundamental attributes of Brahman. In Advaita Vedanta, states Werner, it is the sublimely blissful experience of the boundless, pure consciousness and represents the unity of spiritual essence of ultimate reality.Template:Sfn

Script error: No such module "lang". is an epithet for Brahman, considered indescribable, unitary, ultimate, unchanging reality in Hinduism.[2][32][33]

Vaishnava philosophy

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See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Devadutta Kali (2005), Devimahatmyam: In Praise of the Goddess, Motilal Banarsidass, Template:ISBN, page 365, Quote: "Saccidananda, being-consciousness-bliss, a threefold epithet attempting to describe the unitary, indescribable Brahman".
  3. ↑ a b Gurajada Suryanarayana Murty (2002), Paratattvaganṇitadarśanam, Motilal Banarsidass, Template:ISBN, page 303
  4. ↑ a b c d e James Lochtefeld (2002), "Satchidananda" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, Template:ISBN, page 578
  5. ↑ a b Sir Monier Monier-Williams, Sat, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass), Template:ISBN, page 1134
  6. ↑ Sir Monier Monier-Williams, Cit, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass), Template:ISBN, page 395
  7. ↑ a b James Lochtefeld (2002), "Ananda" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, Template:ISBN, page 35
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Sir Monier Monier-Williams, Ananda, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass), Template:ISBN, page 139
  11. ↑ Vasant Merchant (2000), Savitri: A Legend & a Symbol-Sri Aurobindo's Modern Epic, International Journal of Humanities and Peace, vol. 16, no. 1, pages 29-34
  12. ↑ Jean Holm and John Bowker (1998), Hinduism, in Picturing God, Bloomsbury Academic, Template:ISBN, page 71
  13. ↑ Julian Woods (2001), Destiny and Human Initiative in the Mahabharata, State University of New York, Template:ISBN, page 201
  14. ↑ Adrian Hastings et al (2000), The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought, Oxford University Press, Template:ISBN, page 324
  15. ↑ Klaus Klostermair (2007), A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd Edition, State University of New York Press, Template:ISBN, page 246
  16. ↑ Hilko Wiardo Schomerus and Humphrey Palmer (2000), Śaiva Siddhānta, Motilal Banarsidass, Template:ISBN, page 44
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Christopher Key Chapple (2010), The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition, State University of New York Press, Template:ISBN, page xviii
  21. ↑ Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, Template:ISBN, pages 433-437, 464-475, 484-493
  22. ↑ Anantanand Rambachan (2006), The Advaita Worldview: God, World, and Humanity, State University of New York Press, Template:ISBN, pages 40-43
  23. ↑ Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives, Rodopi, Template:ISBN, pages 68-70
  24. ↑ Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, Template:ISBN, pages 110-117
  25. ↑ Klaus Witz (1998), The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass, Template:ISBN, pages 227-228
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".; Quote: Script error: No such module "Lang".
  28. ↑ Mircea Eliade (1970), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, Template:ISBN, pages 128-129
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Eliot Deutsch (1980), Advaita Vedanta : A Philosophical Reconstruction, University of Hawaii Press, Template:ISBN, Chapter 1

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Bibliography

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