Ho Chi Minh City

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Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC; Template:Langx Script error: No such module "IPA".), also known as SaigonTemplate:Refn (Vietnamese: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "IPA".),[1] is the most populous city and municipality of Vietnam, with a population of more than 14 million in 2025.[2][3] Its geography is defined by rivers and canals, of which the largest is Saigon River. As the largest financial centre in Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City has the largest gross regional domestic product out of all Vietnamese provinces and municipalities,[4] contributing around a quarter of the country's total GDP.[5] It is the busiest international transport hub in Vietnam, with Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport accounting for nearly half of all international arrivals to Vietnam, and the Port of Saigon among the busiest container ports in Southeast Asia.[6][7] Ho Chi Minh City has historic landmarks and modern landmarks, including the Independence Palace, Bitexco Financial Tower, Landmark 81 Tower, the War Remnants Museum, and Bến Thành Market. It is known for its alleys and nightlife, including the Phạm Ngũ Lão Ward and Bùi Viện street.

The area was initially part of Cambodian polities until it became part of the Vietnamese Nguyễn lords in 1698, as a result of Đại Việt's expansionist policy of Nam tiến. It served as the capital of the Nguyễn lords in their final years before the establishment of the Nguyễn dynasty in 1802. After the fall of the Citadel of Saigon during the Cochinchina campaign in 1859, it became the capital of French Cochinchina from 1862 to 1949. It was also the capital of French Indochina from 1887 to 1902, and again from 1945 until its cessation in 1954. After France recognized Vietnam's independence and unity,Template:Refn it was the capital of the State of Vietnam from 1949 to 1955. Following the 1954 partition, it became the capital of South Vietnam until it was captured by North Vietnam, leading to a unified communist state in 1976. The city was subsequently renamed after North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh, while Saigon remains in use informally and has been the official name of the city's administrative centre since 2025. In 2025, the Bình Dương and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu provinces were merged into Ho Chi Minh City, making it a megacity while inheriting the industrial towns and coastal cities of the two former provinces.

Etymology

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The first known human habitation in the area was a Cham settlement called Baigaur.[nb 1] The Cambodians then took over the Cham village of Baigaur and renamed it Prey Nokôr (Script error: No such module "Lang".), a fishing village.[8][9]

Over time, under the control of the Vietnamese, it was officially renamed Gia Định (嘉定) in 1698, a name that was retained until the time of the French conquest in the 1860s, when it adopted the name Script error: No such module "Lang"., francized as Script error: No such module "Lang".,[9] while the city was still indicated as Script error: No such module "Lang". on Vietnamese maps written in chữ Hán until at least 1891.[10] An old name of Gia Định was Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., which was later glossed as Script error: No such module "Lang"..[11]

The name Ho Chi Minh City was given after reunification in 1976 to honour the late Ho Chi Minh.Template:Refn The informal name of Script error: No such module "Lang". remains in daily speech. There is a technical difference between the two terms: Script error: No such module "Lang". is used to refer to the city centre, aptly named Saigon and the adjacent neighborhoods of Bến Thành, Tân Định, Xuân Hòa while Ho Chi Minh City refers to all of its urban and rural area.[9]

Saigon

File:SaiGonGiaDinhChuNom.jpg
Saigon is written here as Script error: No such module "Lang". along with other Southern Vietnamese cities. (On the left of the page, first row after "Script error: No such module "Lang".")

The original toponym behind Sài Gòn was attested earliest as Script error: No such module "Lang"., with two phonograms whose Sino-Vietnamese readings are "sài" and "côn" respectively.

In Lê Quý Đôn's "Miscellaneous Chronicles of the Pacified Frontier" (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". c. 1776), wherein he relates that, in 1674, Cambodian prince Ang Nan was installed as uparaja in Script error: No such module "Lang". (Sài Gòn) by Vietnamese forces.

Script error: No such module "Lang". also appears later in Trịnh Hoài Đức's "Comprehensive Records about the Gia Định Citadel" (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., c. 1820), "Textbook on the Geography of the Southern Country" (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., 1908),[12] etc.

Adrien Launay's Script error: No such module "Lang". (1688–1823), "Documents Historiques II: 1728 – 1771" (1924: 190) cites 1747 documents containing the toponyms: provincia Rai-gon, Rai-gon thong (for *Sài Gòn thượng "Upper Saigon"), & Rai-gon-ha (for *Sài Gòn hạ "Lower Saigon"). It is probably a transcription of Khmer Script error: No such module "Lang". (Prey Nokôr),[13][14]Template:Refn or Khmer Script error: No such module "Lang". (Prey Kôr).

There is a proposal that Sài Gòn is from non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese Script error: No such module "Lang". ("embankment", Script error: No such module "lang"., South Vietnamese: đê ngạn).Template:Refn

Ho Chi Minh City

The name commemorates Ho Chi Minh, after the first leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. This name, while not his given name, was one he favored throughout his later years. It combines a Vietnamese surname (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Template:Vi-nom) with a given name meaning "enlightened will" (from Sino-Vietnamese, 志 明; Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning 'will' or 'spirit', and Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning 'light'), in essence, meaning "light bringer".[15] "Saigon" is still used as a semi-official name for the city, in some cases being used interchangeably with Ho Chi Minh City, partly due to its longer history and familiarity.[16]

History

Early settlement

The earliest settlement in the area was a Funan temple at the location of what later is the Phụng Sơn Buddhist temple, founded in the 4th century AD.[17] A settlement called Baigaur was established on the site in the 11th century by the Champa.[17] Baigaur was renamed Prey Nokor after conquest by the Khmer Empire around 1145,[17] Prey Nokor grew on the site of a fishing village and area of forest.[18]

The first Vietnamese people crossed the sea to explore this land completely without the organisation of the Nguyễn Lords. Thanks to the marriage between Princess Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn – daughter of Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên – and the King of Cambodia Chey Chettha II in 1620, the relationship between Vietnam and Cambodia became smooth, and the people of the two countries could freely move back and forth. In exchange, Chey Chettha II gifted Prei Nokor to the Nguyễn lords.[19]

Nguyễn dynasty

File:Map of Saigon 1795 Jean-Marie Dayot.jpg
Thành Bát Quái (Citadel of Eight Trigrams) or Thành Quy (Citadel of Tortoise) in 1795.
File:Ban Do Gia Dinh 1815 Tran Van Hoc v2.png
Map of Gia Định in 1815

In 1679, Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần allowed a group of Chinese refugees from the Qing dynasty to settle in Mỹ Tho, Biên Hòa and Saigon to seek refuge. In 1698, Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh, a Vietnamese noble, was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of Huế by sea to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the area, thus detaching the area from Cambodia, which was not strong enough to intervene. He is credited with the expansion of Saigon into a significant settlement.[20][21] King Chey Chettha IV of Cambodia tried to stop the Vietnamese and was defeated by Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh in 1700. In February 1700, he invaded Cambodia from An Giang. In March, the Vietnamese expedition under Cảnh and a Chinese general Trần Thượng Xuyên (Chen Shangchuan) defeated the main Cambodian army at Bích Đôi citadel, king Chey Chettha IV took flight while his nephew Ang Em surrendered to the invaders, as the Vietnamese marched onto and captured Cambodia's capital Phnom Penh.[22] As a result, Saigon and Long An were officially and securely obtained by the Nguyễn, more Vietnamese settlers moved into the newly conquered lands.[22]

In 1788, Nguyễn Ánh captured the city, and used it as a centre of resistance against Tây Sơn.[23] Two years later, a Vauban citadel called Gia Định, or Thành Bát Quái ("Eight Diagrams") was built by Victor Olivier de Puymanel, one of the Nguyễn Ánh's French mercenaries.[24] The citadel was captured by Lê Văn Khôi during his revolt of 1833–35 against emperor Minh Mạng. Following the revolt, Minh Mạng ordered it to be dismantled, and a new citadel, called Phụng Thành, was built in 1836.[25] In 1859, the citadel was destroyed by the French following the Battle of Kỳ Hòa.[25] Initially called Gia Định, the Vietnamese city became Saigon in the 18th century.[17]

French colony

File:Vue de Saïgon en 1866 - Cột cờ Thủ ngữ.jpg
Thủ Ngữ flag pole, Saigon taken in 1866 by Émile Gsell.

Ceded to France by the 1862 Treaty of Saigon,[26] the city was planned by the French to transform into a town for colonization. During the 19th and 20th centuries, construction of French-style buildings began, including a botanical garden, the Norodom Palace, Hotel Continental, Notre-Dame Cathedral, and Bến Thành Market, among others.[27][28] In April 1865, Gia Định Báo was established in Saigon, becoming the first newspaper published in Vietnam.[29] During the French colonial era, Saigon became known as "Pearl of the Orient" (Script error: No such module "Lang".),[30] or "Paris of the Extreme Orient".[31]

On 27 April 1931, a new région called Saigon–Cholon consisting of Saigon and Cholon was formed; the name Cholon was dropped after South Vietnam gained independence from France in 1955.[32] From about 256,000 in 1930,[33] Saigon's population rose to 1.2 million in 1950.[33]

State of Vietnam, and Republic of Vietnam

On 14 June 1949, 10 days after France returned Cochinchina to Vietnam, former emperor Bảo Đại made Saigon the capital of the State of Vietnam within the French Union with himself as head of state.[34] The state was proclaimed in July. In July 1954, the Geneva Agreement partitioned Vietnam along the 17th parallel (Bến Hải River), with the Việt Minh, under Ho Chi Minh, gaining complete control of the northern half of the country, while the southern half remained under the rule of the State of Vietnam.[35]

The State officially became the Republic of Vietnam when Bảo Đại was deposed by his Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm in the 1955 referendum,[35] with Saigon as its capital.[36] On 22 October 1956, the city was given the official name, Script error: No such module "Lang". ("Metropolitan city of Saigon").[37] After the decree of 27 March 1959 came into effect, Saigon was divided into eight districts and 41 wards.[37]

In December 1966, two wards from the old An Khánh Commune of Gia Định, were formed into District 1, then seceded later to become District 9.[38] In July 1969, District 10 and District 11 were founded, and by 1975, the city's area consisted of eleven districts, Gia Định, Củ Chi District (Hậu Nghĩa), and Phú Hòa District (Bình Dương).[38]

Saigon served as the financial, industrial and transport centre of the Republic of Vietnam.[39] In the 1950s, with the U.S. providing nearly $2 billion in aid to the Diệm regime, the country's economy grew more rapidly under the capitalist model;[37] by 1960, over half of South Vietnam's factories were located in Saigon.[40] Beginning in the 1960s, Saigon experienced economic downturn and higher inflation, as it was completely dependent on U.S. aid and imports from other countries.[37] As a result of urbanisation, with the population reaching 3.3 million by 1970, the city was described by the USAID as being turned "into a huge slum".[41] The city had "prostitutes, drug addicts, corrupt officials, beggars, orphans, and Americans with money", and according to Stanley Karnow, it was "a black-market city in the largest sense of the word".[36]

On 28 April 1955, the Vietnamese National Army launched an attack against Bình Xuyên military force in the city. The battle lasted until May, killing an estimated 500 people and leaving about 20,000 homeless.[36][42] Ngô Đình Diệm then later turned on other paramilitary groups in Saigon, including the Hòa Hảo Buddhist reform movement.[36] On 11 June 1963, Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức self-immolated in the city, in protest of the Diệm regime. On 2 November of the same year, Diệm was assassinated in Saigon, in a successful coup by Dương Văn Minh.[36]

During the 1968 Tet Offensive, communist forces launched a failed attempt to capture the city. Seven years later, on 30 April 1975, Saigon was captured, ending the Vietnam War,[43] and the city came under the control of the Vietnamese People's Army.[36]

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

File:Ho Chi Minh City during sunset (50332857462).jpg
Ho Chi Minh City during sunset (November 2017)

In July 1976, upon the establishment of the unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the city of Saigon (including the Cholon area), the province of Gia Ðịnh and two suburban districts of two other nearby provinces were combined to create Ho Chi Minh City, in honour of the late Communist leader Ho Chi Minh.Template:Refn At the time, the city covered an area of Script error: No such module "convert". with eight districts and five rurals: Thủ Đức, Hóc Môn, Củ Chi, Bình Chánh, and Nhà Bè.[38] Since 1978, administrative divisions in the city have been revised multiple times,[38] including in 2020, when District 2, District 9, and Thủ Đức District were consolidated to form a municipal city.[44] On 29 October 2002, 60 people died and 90 were injured in the International Trade Center building fire in Ho Chi Minh City.[45]

Ho Chi Minh City, along with its surrounding provinces, is described as "the manufacturing hub" of Vietnam, and "an attractive business hub".[46] In terms of cost, it was ranked the 178th-most expensive major city in the world according to the Mercer Cost Of Living 2024 survey of 226 cities.[47] In terms of international connectedness, as of 2024, the city was classified as a "Beta+" city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[48]

Geography

File:Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, v2, 2010 Thanh Po Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (13874141364).jpg
Population density and elevation above sea level in the city (2010). Ho Chi Minh City is vulnerable to sea level rise.

The city is located in Southeast Vietnam. The average elevation is Template:Cvt above sea level for the city centre and Template:Cvt for the suburb areas.[49] It borders the Tây Ninh province and Đồng Nai municipality to the north, Đồng Nai and Lâm Đồng province to the east, Tây Ninh to the west, and Đồng Tháp province and the South China Sea to the south with a coast Template:Cvt long. The city covers an area of Script error: No such module "convert". or 2% of the surface area of Vietnam, extending up to Minh Thạnh commune (Template:Cvt from the Memot in Cambodia) and down to Côn Đảo special administrative region. The municipality also extends far to the east to Bình Châu (Template:Cvt from the city center). Due to its location on the Mekong Delta, the city is fringed by tidal flats that have been modified for agriculture.[50]

Flooding

During the rainy season, a combination of tide, rains, flow volume in the Saigon River and Đồng Nai River and land subsidence results in flooding in parts of the city.[51][52] A once-in-100 year flood would cause 23% of the city to undergo flooding.[53]

Climate

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Climate chart (explanation)
Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header
 
 
12
 
 
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41
 
 
32
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[54] World Meteorological Organization (rainfall)[55]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.5
 
 
90
74
 
 
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91
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2.2
 
 
94
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1.6
 
 
89
76
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

The city has a tropical climate, specifically tropical savanna (Aw), with an average humidity of 78–82%.[56] The year is divided into two seasons.[56] The rainy season, with an average rainfall of about Template:Cvt annually (about 150 rainy days per year), usually lasts from May to November.[56] The dry season lasts from December to April.[56]

The average temperature is Template:Cvt.[56] The highest temperature recorded was Template:Cvt in April while the lowest temperature recorded was Template:Cvt in January.[56] On average, the city experiences between 2,400 and 2,700 hours of sunshine per year.[56]

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Administration

File:Ho Chi Minh City, City Hall, 2020-01 CN-03.jpg
Ho Chi Minh City Hall is the administrative building of the city's government.
File:2025 admin map of Ho Chi Minh City.jpg
The formal map of Ho Chi Minh City (yellow) after merging with Bình Dương province (purple) and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province (blue). This image contents some obsolete designations.

The city is a municipality at the same level as Vietnam's provinces, and is divided into 113 wards, 54 communes, and 1 special administrative zone (as of 2025):[57]

113 wards (Template:Cvt in area), which are designated as urban or suburban (Script error: No such module "Lang".):

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54 communes (Template:Cvt in area), which are designated rural (Script error: No such module "Lang".):

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One special administrative zone (Template:Cvt in area), which is designated municipal city (Script error: No such module "Lang".):

Demographics

Historical population (prior to July 2025)
Year Area km2 Population Person/km2 Urban Rural
Census[58]
1999 - 5,034,058 - 4,207,825 826,233
2004 - 6,117,251 - 5,140,412 976,839
2009 2,097.1 7,162,864 3,416 5,880,615 1,282,249
2019 2,061.2 8,993,082 4,363 7,127,364 1,865,718
Estimate
2010 2,095.6 7,346,600 3,506 6,114,300 1,232,300
2011 2,095.6 7,498,400 3,578 6,238,000 1,260,400
2012 2,095.6 7,660,300 3,655 6,309,100 1,351,100
2013 2,095.6 7,820,000 3,732 6,479,200 1,340,800
2014 2,095.5 7,981,900 3,809 6,554,700 1,427,200
2015 2,095.5 8,127,900 3,879 6,632,800 1,495,100
2016 2,061.4 8,287,000 4,020 6,733,100 1,553,900
2017 2,061.2 8,444,600 4,097 6,825,300 1,619,300
2025 - 9,816,320 (Before the merger with Binh Duong & Ba Ria - Vung Tau) 4.375
6.772,59 14.002.598 (After the merger with Binh Duong & Ba Ria - Vung Tau) 2.068
Sources:[59][60][61][62][63]


The population of the city, as of the 1 October 2004 census, was 6,117,251 (of which 19 inner districts had 5,140,412 residents and five suburban districts had 976,839 inhabitants).[64]

In 2007, the city's population was 6,650,942 – with the 19 inner districts home to 5,564,975 residents and the five suburban districts containing 1,085,967 inhabitants. The result of the 2009 Census shows that the city's population was 7,162,864 people,[65] about 8.34% of the total population of Vietnam, making it the highest population-concentrated city in the country. As of the end of 2012, the total population of the city was 7,750,900 people, an increase of 3.1% from 2011.[66]

As an administrative unit, its population is the largest at the provincial level. According to the 2019 census, Ho Chi Minh City has a population of over 8.9 million within the city proper and over 21 million within its metropolitan area.[67]

In August 2017, the city's mayor, Nguyễn Thành Phong, admitted that previous estimates of 8–10 million were drastic underestimations.[68] The actual population (including those who have not officially registered) was estimated 13 million in 2017.[69] The Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area, a metropolitan area covering most parts of the southeast region plus Tiền Giang Province and Long An Province under planning, will have an area of Template:Cvt with a population of 20 million inhabitants by 2020.[70]

Ethnic groups

The majority of the population are ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh) at about 93.52%. Ho Chi Minh City's largest minority ethnic group are the Chinese (Hoa) with 5.78%. Cholon is home to the largest Chinese community in Vietnam. The Hoa (Chinese) speak a number of varieties of Chinese, including Cantonese, Teochew, Hokkien, Hainanese, and Hakka; smaller numbers also speak Mandarin Chinese. Other ethnic minorities include Khmer with 0.34%, Cham with 0.1%, as well as a small group of Baweans from Bawean Island in Indonesia (about 400; as of 2015), they occupy city center of Saigon and Bến Thành.[71] Other nationalities including Koreans, Japanese, Americans, Russians, South Africans, Filipinos, French and Britons reside in Ho Chi Minh City as expatriate workers. The highest concentration of which are in Thủ Đức and Phú Mỹ Hưng.[72]

Religion

As of 2025, the city reported more than 2.4 million religious adherents. Buddhism remained the largest religion in the city, with about 1.6 million followers, followed by Catholicism with more than 640,000 followers, Protestantism with more than 65,000 followers, Caodaism with more than 48,000 followers, and Islam with about 5,000 followers.[73] In 2009, city reporting also listed smaller communities including Hòa Hảo with 4,894 followers, Tịnh độ cư sĩ Phật hội Việt Nam with 1,387 followers, Hinduism with 395 followers, Đạo Tứ ấn hiếu nghĩa with 298 followers, Minh Sư Đạo with 283 followers, Baháʼí Faith with 192 followers, Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương with 89 followers, Minh Lý Đạo with 67 followers.[74]

Economy

The city contains 20.2% of Vietnam's GDP, 27.9% of industrial output and 34.9% of the FDI projects in the country in 2005.[75] In 2005, it had 4,344,000 labourers, of whom 130,000 are over the labour age norm (in Vietnam, 60 for male and 55 for female workers).[76] In 2009, GDP per capita reached $2,800, compared to the country's average level of $1,042.[77]

Refer to the chart below for year-by-year summary of HCMC's economy:

Year General description
2006 As of June 2006, the city has been home to three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks. Ho Chi Minh City is the leading recipient of foreign direct investment in Vietnam, with 2,530 FDI projects worth $16.6 billion at the end of 2007.[78] In 2007, the city received over 400 FDI projects worth $3 billion.[79]
2007 In 2007, the city's GDP was estimated at $14.3 billion, or about $2,180 per capita, up 12.6% from 2006 and accounting for 20% of the country's GDP. The GDP adjusted to Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) reached $71.5 billion, or about $10,870 per capita (approximately three times higher than the country's average). The city's Industrial Product Value was $6.4 billion, equivalent to 30% of the value of the entire nation. Export–import turnover through HCMC ports accounted for $36 billion, or 40% of the national total, of which export revenue reached $18.3 billion (40% of Vietnam's total export revenues). In 2007, Ho Chi Minh City's contribution to the annual revenues in the national budget increased by 30%, accounting for about 20.5% of total revenues. The consumption demand of Ho Chi Minh City is higher than other Vietnamese provinces and municipalities and 1.5 times higher than that of Hanoi.[80]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
2008 In 2008, it attracted $8.5 billion in FDI.[81] In 2010, the city's GDP was estimated at $20.902 billion, or about $2,800 per capita, up 11.8% from 2009.[82]
2012 By the end of 2012, the city's GDP was estimated around about $3,700 per capita, up 9.2% from 2011.[83] Total trade (export and import) reached $47.7 billion, with export at $21.57 billion and import $26.14 billion.[66]
2013 In 2013, GDP of the city grew 7.6% by Q1, 8.1% by Q2, and 10.3% by the end of Q3. By the end of 2013, the city's GDP grew 9.3%, with GDP per capita reaching $4,500.[84]
2014 By the end of 2014, the city's GDP grew 9.5%, with GDP per capita reaching $5,100.[85]
2020 The city's economic performance transcended 6%, at 7.84% from 2016 to 2019 and 2016–2020; the town grew at 6,59%. Its performance assists the city in reaching the GDP per capita at $6.328;[86] it yielded the preferred growth at $9.800 per capita due to the repercussion result of COVID-19.[87]

Sectors

File:Saigon Hi-Tech Park.JPG
Hi-tech Park, located in Tăng Nhơn Phú, is one of Vietnam's two national hi-tech parks.

The city and its ports are part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.[88][89] As of June 2006, the city had three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks, in addition to Quang Trung Software Park and Ho Chi Minh City hi-tech park. Intel has invested about 1 billion dollars in a factory in the city. More than fifty banks with hundreds of branches and about 20 insurance companies are also located inside the city. The Stock Exchange, the first stock exchange in Vietnam, was opened in 2001. Ho Chi Minh City has 66 shopping malls, about 300 supermarkets and 405 traditional markets, along with thousands of convenience stores and stabilized price points.[90]

On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a tool for evaluating the business environment in Vietnam's provinces, Ho Chi Minh City received a score of 67.19.[91] This was a fall from 2022 in which the province received a score of 65.86. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Time Costs' and 'Law and Order' criterion and lowest on 'Access To Land' and 'Policy Bias'.[92]

Urbanisation

File:DJI 0212-HDR-Pano (cropped).jpg
Ho Chi Minh City has a higher concentration of skyscrapers as a result of urbanisation. The Landmark 81 is the tallest building in Vietnam.

With a population of 8,382,287 (as of Census 2010 on 1 April 2010)[93] (registered residents plus migrant workers and a metropolitan population of 10 million), the city needs increased public infrastructure.[64] In 2007, three million foreign tourists, about 70% of the total number of tourists to Vietnam, visited the city. Total cargo transport to city's ports reached 50.5 million tonnes.[94]

Cityscape

Architecture

Ho Chi Minh City has buildings from styles and time periods. French influence during the colonial era can be seen throughout the city, especially in the city center where a number of buildings can be found. Buildings of French colonial architecture include the Ho Chi Minh City Hall, Saigon Central Post Office, Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon and Bến Thành Market.[95] Ho Chi Minh City is also home to a number of buildings inspired by Chinese architecture, which are mostly found in Chợ Lớn, the city's Chinatown quarter. These include the Thien Hau Temple, which was first built around 1760.[96]

During the Republic of Vietnam era, Vietnamese modernist architecture began to develop in the city. Buildings which were commissioned during this time include the Independence Palace, replacing the former Independence Palace which was of Baroque Revival architecture.[97]

Parks and gardens

File:Parque Tao Dan, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-15, DD 03.JPG
Tao Đàn Park is one of the largest and oldest parks in Ho Chi Minh City.

Ho Chi Minh City has parks, including the Tao Đàn Park, located next to the Independence Palace.[98] Other parks in downtown include the September 23rd Park and 30/4 Park.[99]

The Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens is located on the northern end of Saigon quarter. It contains a collection of over 600 rare animals and about 4,000 plant species, some of which are over 100 years in age.[100]

Pedestrian zones

File:Ho Chi Minh City, Nguyen Hue Street, 2020-01 CN-02.jpg
Nguyễn Huệ Boulevard.

Nguyễn Huệ Boulevard was the first pedestrian street in Ho Chi Minh City. It opened to the public in April 2015, and is a spot for locals and visitors to gather.[101] Events are held in the precinct throughout the year, including the annual flower festival during Tết.[102]

Bui Vien Walking Street is known for its status as a hub for western backpackers and tourists.[103] Bui Vien Street, also known as "Western Street", is a tourism hub in Ho Chi Minh City that offers restaurants, coffee shops, hotels, live music pubs, and rooftop bars. Before becoming a walking street, Bui Vien Street was a destination for backpackers to have fun, try unfamiliar cuisines, and explore new places during their trip to Ho Chi Minh City.[104]

Transport

Air

File:Tan Son Nhat International Airport.jpg
Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport is the busiest airport in Vietnam.

The city is served by Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport, the largest airport in Vietnam in terms of passengers handled (with an estimated number of over 15.5 million passengers per year in 2010, accounting for more than half of Vietnam's air passenger traffic).[105][106]

Long Thành International Airport is scheduled to begin operating in 2026. Based in Long Thành, Đồng Nai, about Template:Cvt east of Ho Chi Minh City, Long Thành Airport will serve international flights, with a maximum traffic capacity of 100 million passengers per year when fully completed; Tân Sơn Nhất Airport will serve domestic flights.[107]

Rail

The city is a terminal for Vietnam Railways train routes in the country. The Reunification Express (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Saigon to Hanoi from Saigon Railway Station near the Nhieu Loc Channel, with stops at cities and provinces along the line.[108] Within the city, the two main stations are Sóng Thần and Sài Gòn. There are several smaller stations such as Dĩ An, Thủ Đức, Bình Triệu, Gò Vấp. Rail transport comprises 0.6% of passenger traffic and 6% of goods shipments.[109]

Water

Traffic between Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam's southern provinces has steadily increased over the years; the Đôi and Tẻ Canals, some of the routes to the Mekong Delta, receive 100,000 waterway vehicles every year, representing around 13 million tons of cargo. A project to dredge these routes has been approved to facilitate transport, to be implemented in 2011–14.[110] In 2017, the Saigon Waterbus launched, connecting down town to Thủ Đức.[111] In 2026 the local government approved the Can Gio International transshipment port project at the mouth of the Cai Mep River, which is designed to have a 4.8M TEU capacity by 2030, reaching >16M TEUs by 2047. [112]

Public

The Ho Chi Minh City Metro, a rapid transit network, is being built in stages. Line 1 was opened in 2024.[113] The line connects Bến Thành to Suối Tiên Park in Tăng Nhơn Phú, with a depot in Long Bình. Planners expect the route to serve more than 160,000 passengers daily.[114] A line between Bến Thành and Tham Lương has been approved by the government,[115] and several more lines (Lines 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) are the subject of feasibility studies.[114]

Private

For short trips, "hug vehicle" motorcycle taxis are available throughout the city, usually congregating at a major intersection. You can also book motorcycle and car taxis through ride-hailing apps like Grab and Gojek. An activity for tourists is a tour of the city on cyclos, which allow for longer trips at a more relaxed pace. For years, cars have become more popular.[116] There are approximately 340,000 cars and 3.5 million motorcycles in the city, which is almost double compared with Hanoi.[109] The growing number of cars tend to cause gridlock and contribute to air pollution. The government has called out motorcycles as the reason for the congestion and has developed plans to reduce the number of motorcycles and to improve public transport.[117]

Expressway

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File:Cầu Long Thành, Đường cao tốc TP.HCM - Long Thành - Dầu Giây.JPG
HCMC-LT-DG Expressway

The city has two expressways making up the North-South Expressway system, connecting the city with other provinces. The first expressway is Ho Chi Minh City – Trung Lương Expressway, opened in 2010, connecting Ho Chi Minh City with Tiền Giang and the Mekong Delta.[118]

The second one is Ho Chi Minh City – Long Thành – Dầu Giây Expressway, opened in 2015, connecting the city with Đồng Nai, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu and the Southeast of Vietnam.[119]

Healthcare

The health care system of the city has a chain of about 100 government owned hospitals or medical centres, dozens of international facilities,[120] and privately owned clinics.[64] The 1,400-bed Chợ Rẫy Hospital, upgraded by Japanese aid and the French-sponsored Institute of Cardiology, Prima Saigon Eye Hospital (ophthalmology), a member of World Association of Eye Hospitals,[121] City International Hospital and Franco-Vietnamese Hospital are among the top medical facilities in the South-East Asia region, according to Tran Quoc Bao, who is an Asian healthcare leader and investment banker and has led twelve major healthcare M&A transactions, with a combined value of US$2 billion, and recognised as a Top Voices in Asian healthcare.[122]

Education

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High schools

High schools in the city include Lê Hồng Phong High School for the Gifted, Phổ Thông Năng Khiếu High School for the Gifted, Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted, Nguyễn Thượng Hiền High School, Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High School, Template:Ill, Template:Ill, Marie Curie High School, Võ Thị Sáu High School, Trần Phú High School and others. While the former schools are public, private education is also available in Ho Chi Minh City. High school consists of grade 10–12 (sophomore, junior, and senior).[124]

Universities

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File:Nhà điều hành Đại học Quốc Gia TPHCM.jpg
Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, is one of the two national research universities in Vietnam.

Ho Chi Minh City has over 80 universities and colleges with a total of over 400,000 students.[64] Universities include Vietnam National University, with 50,000 students distributed among six schools; The University of Technology (Script error: No such module "Lang"., formerly Phú Thọ National Center of Technology); The University of Sciences (formerly Saigon College of Sciences); The University of Social Sciences and Humanities (formerly Saigon College of Letters); The International University; The University of Economics and Law; and the University of Information Technology.

Other higher education establishments include University of Pedagogy, University of Economics, University of Architecture, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Nong Lam University (formerly University of Agriculture, Forestry and Silviculture), University of Law, University of Technical Education, University of Banking, University of Industry, Open University,[125] University of Sports and Physical Education, University of Fine Arts, University of Culture, the Conservatory of Music, the Saigon Institute of Technology, Văn Lang University, Saigon University, and Hoa Sen University.

In addition to the above public universities, Ho Chi Minh City is home to some private universities. One is RMIT International University Vietnam, a campus of Australian public research RMIT University with an enrollment of about 6,000 students. Tuition at RMIT is about US$40,000 for an entire course of study.[126] Other private universities include The Saigon International University (or SIU) is another private university run by the Group of Asian International Education.[127] Enrollment at SIU averages about 12,000 students.[128] Depending on the type of program, tuition at SIU costs US$5,000–6,000 per year.[129]

Tourism

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File:Bui Vien Walking Street 1.jpg
Bùi Viện Walking Street is lined with hotels, coffee shops and bars catering to tourists.

Tourist attractions in the city may relate to periods of French colonisation and the Vietnam War. The city's centre has some American-style boulevards, and French colonial buildings. The majority of these tourist spots are located down town. Structures in the city centre include the Reunification Palace (Script error: No such module "Lang".), City Hall (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Municipal Theatre (Script error: No such module "Lang"., also known as the Opera House), City Post Office (Script error: No such module "Lang".), State Bank Office (Script error: No such module "Lang".), City People's Court (Script error: No such module "Lang".), and Notre-Dame Cathedral (Script error: No such module "Lang".), which was constructed between 1863 and 1880. Some of the historic hotels include the Hotel Majestic, dating from the French colonial era, and the Rex and Caravelle hotels, both of which are former hangouts for American officers and war correspondents in the 1960s & '70s.[130]

The city offers restaurants serving Vietnamese dishes, including phở and rice vermicelli. The area around Phạm Ngũ Lão Street and Bùi Viện Street in down town is referred to as the Backpackers’ Quarter.[131] Saigon Hotpot is a volunteer student group that gives international tourists free tours of the city.[132]

It was approximated that 4.3 million tourists visited Vietnam in 2007, of which 70%, approximately 3 million tourists, visited the city.[133] Ho Chi Minh City welcomed 6 million tourists in 2017.[134] According to Mastercard's 2019 report, the city is the country's second most visited city (18th in Asia Pacific), with 4.1 million overnight international visitors in 2018 (after Hanoi with 4.8 million visitors).[135] In H12025, HCMC welcomed over 22.1 million visitors (3.8 million international and 18.3 million domestic), generating approximately ₫118 trillion (~US $4.6 billion), a +27.3% year-over-year growth.[136] Over the Tết 2025 holiday, the city led all Vietnamese provinces in tourism receipts with ~$303 million, up 17% from 2024.[137] In September 2025, HCMC is hosting ITE HCMC 2025 which focuses on sustainable tourism and trade networking and is the 19th of its kind.[138][139]

Culture

File:Vietnam-0375 (3343240896).jpg
Dragon dance to welcome Tết Nguyên Đán in Ho Chi Minh City, 2009

Museums and art galleries

Locations for art in Ho Chi Minh City include Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts, and art galleries located on Nam Kỳ Khởi Nghĩa street, Trần Phú street, and Bùi Viện street.[140]

Food and drink

Ho Chi Minh City has roadside restaurants, coffee shops, and food stalls where locals and tourists can use local cuisine and beverages.[141] It is ranked in the top five best cities in the world for street food.[142]

Sport

File:Thống Nhất Stadium 2022.jpg
Thống Nhất Stadium is home to the V.League 1 association football club Ho Chi Minh City F.C.

As of 2005Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Ho Chi Minh City was home to 91 association football fields, 86 swimming pools, and 256 gyms.[143] The largest stadium in the city is the 15,000-seat Thống Nhất Stadium, located on Đào Duy Từ Street, Diên Hồng ward. The next largest is Military Region 7 Stadium, located near Tan Son Nhat Airport in Tân Sơn Hòa. The Military Region 7 Stadium was of the venues for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup finals. Phú Thọ Racecourse, another sporting venue established during colonial times, is the only racetrack in Vietnam.[144]

The city is home to a number of association football clubs. Ho Chi Minh City F.C. is based at Thống Nhất Stadium, formerly as Cảng Sài Gòn, it was four-time champions of Vietnam's V.League 1 (in 1986, 1993–94, 1997, and 2001–02). Navibank Saigon F.C., founded as Quân Khu 4, was also based at Thống Nhất Stadium, emerged as champions of the First Division in the 2008 season, and was promoted to the V-League in 2009, the club has since been dissolved during a corruption scandal.[145]

In 2011, the city was awarded an expansion team for the ASEAN Basketball League.[146] Saigon Heat was the first ever international professional basketball team to represent Vietnam.[147] In 2016, a second professional basketball team was created, Wings, playing in the domestic Vietnam Basketball Association. The city hosts international sport events throughout the year, such as the AFF Futsal Championship and the Vietnam Vertical Run. Other sports are represented by teams in the city, such as Irish (Gaelic) Football, rugby, cricket,[148] volleyball, basketball, chess, athletics, and table tennis.[149]

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

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The city is twinned with:[150]

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Cooperation and friendship

In addition to its twin towns, the city is in cooperation with:[150]

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See also

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Notes

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References

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  3. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
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  130. ↑ In 2014, tourism revenue has hit VND 78.7 trillion (US$3.7 billion), up to 4 percent compared to the same period in 2013.
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Further reading

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External links

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Script error: No such module "Authority control". Script error: No such module "navboxes". Template:Cities in Viet Nam Template:Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area Template:Largest cities of Vietnam Template:Megacities Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Most populous cities in Vietnam Script error: No such module "Navbox".Script error: No such module "navboxes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

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