Sri Lankan Tamil dialects

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File:Distribution of Languages and Religious groups of Sri Lanka 1981.jpg
Distribution of languages and religious groups of Sri Lanka on D.S. division and sector level according to the 1981 Census of Population and Housing

The Sri Lankan Tamil dialects or Ceylon Tamil or commonly in Tamil language Eelam Tamil (Script error: No such module "lang".: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Template:Transliteration) are a group of Tamil dialects used in Sri Lanka by its native Tamil speakers that are distinct from the Tamil dialects spoken in Tamil Nadu. These dialects are more conservative than the dialects spoken in India, and preserve features of Old and Medieval Tamil which have been lost in their Indian counterparts.[1][2]Template:Refn In spite of this, both Sri Lankan and Indian Tamil dialects retain a degree of mutual intelligibility.[3]

Sri Lankan Tamil dialects are broadly categorized into three sub groups: Jaffna Tamil, Batticaloa Tamil, and Negombo Tamil dialects. But there are a number of sub dialects within these broad regional dialects as well. These dialects are also used by ethnic groups other than Tamils and Muslims such as Sinhalese people, Portuguese Burghers and the indigenous Coastal Vedda people.

Characteristics

As Tamil is a diglossic language, the differences between the standard written languages across the globe is minimal but the spoken varieties differ considerably. The spoken Tamil varieties in Sri Lanka although different from those of Tamil Nadu in India share some common features with the southern dialects of Tamil Nadu. Sri Lankan Tamil dialects retain many words and grammatical forms that are not in everyday use in Tamil Nadu,[4][5] and use many other words slightly differently.[6] In general, Sri Lankan Tamil dialects are considered to be more conservative than the continental Tamil dialects.[7]

Dialects

Jaffna Tamil

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The dialect used in Jaffna preserves many features of Old Tamil that predate Tolkāppiyam, the earliest grammatical treatise of Tamil.[8] For example, Jaffna Tamil preserves the three way deictic distinction (ivan, uvan, avan, corresponding to proximal, medial and distal respectively), whereas all other Tamil dialects have eliminated the medial form.[1] The Jaffna Tamil dialect also retains many words which were used in Sangam literature such as Tirukkuṛaḷ and Kuṟuntokai.[9] There are a number of Prakrit loans words that are unique to Jaffna Tamil.[10] A subdialect retained by the Paraiyar people of Kayts still retains a number of archaic words and Prakrit loans not found in any other dialects of Tamil. These drummers had historically played an important role as ritual players of drums at funerals and folk temples and as heralds and traditional weavers. They also maintained the family records of their feudal lords and even practiced medicine and astrology in folk traditions [11]

Batticaloa Tamil

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Batticaloa Tamil dialect is shared between Tamils, Moors, Veddhas and Portuguese Burghers in the eastern province. The Tamil dialect used by residents of the Trincomalee district has many similarities with the Jaffna Tamil dialect.[8] According to Kamil Zvelebil a linguist, the Batticaloa Tamil dialect is the most literary like of all spoken dialects of Tamil, and it has preserved several very antique features, and has remained more true to the literary norm than any other form of Tamil while developing a few striking innovations. Although Batticaloa Tamil has some very specific features of vocabulary, it is classified with other Sri Lankan Tamil dialects as it is related to them by characteristic traits of its phonology. It also maintains some words that are unique to present day .[6][12]

Negombo Tamil

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Negombo Tamil dialect, used in the Negombo area by bilingual fishers who otherwise identify themselves as Sinhalese, has undergone considerable morphosyntactic convergence with spoken or colloquial Sinhala as a consequence of contact with it.[13][14] It has also developed a number of other grammatical traits under the probable influence of Sinhala, including a postposed indefinite article, an indefinitizing postclitic –sari (apparently modeled on Sinhala –hari), and case assignments for defective verbs that follow the Sinhala, rather than Tamil, patterns of agreement.[13]

See also

Notes

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Cited literature

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Notes

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External links

Template:Languages of Sri Lanka Template:Sri Lankan Tamil people Template:Tamil language

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Indrapala, K The Evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka, p.46
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Indrapala, K The Evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka, p.389
  11. ↑ Ragupathy, Tamil Social Formation in Sri Lanka: A Historical Outline, p.1
  12. ↑ Subramaniam, Folk traditionas and Songs..., p.9-10
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
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