List of Roman dams and reservoirs

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File:Roman Cornalvo dam, Extremadura, Spain. Pic 01.jpg
Cornalvo Dam in Spain, erected in the 1st–2nd century AD
File:La digue du lac de Homs, retenant les eaux de l'Oronte, avec sa tour romaine.jpg
Lake Homs Dam in Syria, erected in 284 AD (photographed 1921)

This is a list of Roman dams and reservoirs. The study of Roman dam-building has received little scholarly attention in comparison to their other civil engineering activities,[1] even though their contributions in this field have been ranked alongside their expertise in constructing the well-known Roman aqueducts, bridges, and roads.[2]

Roman dam construction began in earnest in the early imperial period.[3] For the most part, it concentrated on the semi-arid fringe of the empire, namely the provinces of North Africa, the Near East, and Hispania.[4] The relative abundance of Spanish dams below is due partly to more intensive field work there; for Italy only the Subiaco Dams, created by emperor Nero (54–68 AD) for recreational purposes, are attested.[5] These dams are noteworthy, though, for their extraordinary height, which remained unsurpassed anywhere in the world until the Late Middle Ages.[3]

The most frequent dam types were earth- or rock-filled embankment dams and masonry gravity dams.[6] These served a wide array of purposes, such as irrigation, flood control, river diversion, soil-retention, or a combination of these functions.[7] In this, Roman engineering did not differ fundamentally from the practices of older hydraulic societies.

"The Romans' ability to plan and organise engineering construction on a grand scale" gave their dam construction special distinction.[8] Their engineering prowess, therefore, facilitated the construction of large and novel reservoir dams, which secured a permanent water supply for urban settlements even during the dry season, a common concept today, but little-understood and -employed in ancient times.[9]

The impermeability of Roman dams was increased by the introduction of waterproof hydraulic mortar and especially Roman concrete in the Roman architectural revolution. These materials also allowed for bigger structures to be built,[8] like the Lake Homs Dam, possibly the largest water barrier to date,[10] and the sturdy Harbaqa Dam, both of which consist of a concrete core.

On the whole, Roman dam engineering displayed a high degree of completeness and innovativeness.[8] While hitherto dams relied solely on their heavy weight to resist the thrust of water, Roman builders were the first to realize the stabilizing effect of arches and buttresses, which they integrated into their dam designs. Previously unknown dam types introduced by the Romans include:

The origin of the so-called weir bridges, which were to become a popular design in Iran thereafter, can also be traced to the forced labour of Roman prisoners of war (see Band-e Kaisar).[15]

List

This list is sorted by maximum height. All measurements are in m; in case of differing values, more recent respectively more detailed studies were given preference. In earth dams, thickness refers to the masonry wall.

Height Thickness Crest length Name Country Date Type / Comments
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Subiaco Dams[16] Italy Script error: No such module "sort". Gravity dam. Devised as pleasure lake for Nero, the dam was the highest in the Roman Empire,[17] and in the world until its destruction in 1305.[3]
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Almonacid de la Cuba Dam[18] Spain 1st c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Cornalvo Dam [18] Spain 1st–2nd c. Gravity dam, still in use
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Proserpina Dam [18] Spain 1st–2nd c. Gravity dam, still in use
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Harbaqa Dam[19] Syria 2nd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Alcantarilla Dam [18] Spain 2nd c. BC Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Ermita de la Virgen del Pilar Dam [18] Spain 1st–2nd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Orükaya [20] Turkey 2nd c. Arch-gravity dam[21]
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Muel Dam [18] Spain 1st c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Glanum Dam[22] France Script error: No such module "sort". Arch dam, earliest known[12]
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Löstügun [23] Turkey 6th c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Kasserine Dam[24] Tunisia 2nd c. Arch-gravity dam[21]
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". La Pared de los Moros [18] Spain 3rd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Arroyo Salado [18] Spain ? Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Lake of Homs dam[25] Syria 3rd c. Gravity dam, largest artificial reservoir to date (capacity of 90 million m³), still in use[10]
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Ma'agan Michael (West) [23] Israel 4th c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Çavdarhisar[20] Turkey 2nd c. Arch-gravity dam[21]
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Roman dam of Belas[26] Portugal 2nd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Qasr Khubbaz [27] Syria ? ?
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Arévalo[18] Spain 2nd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Esparragalejo Dam[18] Spain 1st c. Multiple-arch buttress dam, earliest known[14]
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Las Tomas [18] Spain 4th c. Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Wadi Megenin [28] Libya 2nd c. Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Consuegra Dam[18] Spain 3rd–4th c. Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Muro Dam[29] Portugal ? ?
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". El Paredón [18] Spain 3rd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Melque VI [18] Spain ? Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Lower Iturranduz Dam [18] Spain 2nd c. Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". La Pesquera [18] Spain ? Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Böget [20] Turkey 2nd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Araya [18] Spain 2nd c. Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Vega de Sta. María [18] Spain ? Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Arroyo Bejarano [18] Spain 1st c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Charca de Valverde [18] Spain ? Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Las Muelas [18] Spain 2nd c. Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Azud de la Rechuela [18] Spain ? Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Les Parets Antiques [18] Spain 3rd–4th c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Villafranca [18] Spain 2nd–3rd c. Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Roman Dam of Pego da Moura Portugal ? Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Valhermoso Dam [18] Spain 2nd–3rd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Castillo de Bayuela[18] Spain 2nd–3rd c. Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". San Martín de la Montiña [18] Spain 1st–2nd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Cañada del Huevo [18] Spain 2nd c. Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Pineda o Ca'La Verda [18] Spain 3rd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Paerón I [18] Spain 1st–2nd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Palomera Baja [18] Spain 3rd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". El Peral [18] Spain 1st–2nd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Moracantá Dam [18] Spain 1st–2nd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Los Paredones [18] Spain 1st–2nd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". La Cuba [18] Spain 2nd–3rd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Band-e Kaisar[30] Iran 3rd c. Gravity dam, earliest dam-bridge (weir combined with arch bridge)[15]
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Puy Foradado Dam [18] Spain 2nd–3rd c. Arch-gravity dam[18]
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Las Mezquitas [18] Spain 2nd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Paerón II [18] Spain 1st–2nd c. Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". El Pont d'Armentera[18] Spain 2nd–4th c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". El Hinojal (Las Tiendas) [18] Spain 3rd–4th c. Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". El Argamasón [18] Spain 2nd–3rd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Balsa de Cañaveral [18] Spain 4th c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Río Frío [18] Spain 1st c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". El Peral II [18] Spain ? Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Azud de los Moros [18] Spain 1st c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Valencia del Ventoso[18] Spain 3rd–4th c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". El Chaparral [18] Spain 3rd–4th c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Higher Iturranduz Dam [18] Spain 3rd–4th c. Buttress dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Leptis Magna (Wadi Caam I) [31] Libya 2nd–3rd c.? ?
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Leptis Magna (Wadi Caam II) [31] Libya 2nd–3rd c.? ?
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Leptis Magna (Wadi Lebda) [32] Libya 2nd–3rd c.? Buttressed dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Las Adelfas [18] Spain 2nd c. Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Monroy[18] Spain ? Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Odrón y Linares [18] Spain ? Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Soufeiye [20] Syria ? Gravity dam
Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "sort". Dara Dam Turkey Script error: No such module "sort". Arch dam, earliest description of arch action in such types of dam by Procopius (De Aedificiis II.3)[33]

See also

References

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  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  8. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; thickness is at crest: Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  18. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  20. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  21. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  23. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; thickness: Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  31. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".; Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

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Sources

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Further reading

External links

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