Royal Canadian Air Force

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The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF; Template:Langx) is the air and space force of Canada.[1] Its role is to "provide the Canadian Forces with relevant, responsive and effective airpower".[2] The RCAF is one of three environmental commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces. As of 2020, the Royal Canadian Air Force consists of 12,074 Regular Force and 1,969 Primary Reserve personnel, supported by 1,518 civilians, and operates 258 manned aircraft and nine unmanned aerial vehicles.[3][4] Lieutenant-General Eric Kenny is the current Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force and Chief of the Air Force Staff.[5]

The Royal Canadian Air Force is responsible for all aircraft operations of the Canadian Forces, enforcing the security of Canada's airspace and providing aircraft to support the missions of the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army. The RCAF is a partner with the United States Air Force in protecting continental airspace under the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The RCAF also provides all primary air resources to and is responsible for the National Search and Rescue Program.

The RCAF traces its history to the Canadian Air Force, which was formed in 1920. The Canadian Air Force was granted royal sanction in 1924 by King George V to form the Royal Canadian Air Force. In 1968, the RCAF was amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army, as part of the unification of the Canadian Forces. Air units were split between several different commands: Air Defence Command (ADC; interceptors), Air Transport Command (ATC; airlift, search and rescue), Mobile Command (tactical fighters, helicopters), Maritime Command (anti-submarine warfare, maritime patrol), as well as Training Command (TC).

In 1975, some commands (ADC, ATC, TC) were dissolved, and all air units were placed under a new environmental command called simply Air Command (AIRCOM; Template:Langx). Air Command reverted to its historic name of "Royal Canadian Air Force" in August 2011.[6]

The Royal Canadian Air Force has served in the Second World War, the Korean War, the Persian Gulf War, as well as several United Nations peacekeeping missions and NATO operations. As a NATO member, the force maintained a presence in Europe during the second half of the 20th century.

History

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1920–1945: Pre-unification

The Canadian Air Force (CAF) was established in 1920 as the successor to a short-lived two-squadron Canadian Air Force that was formed during the First World War in Europe. Wing Commander John Scott Williams was tasked in 1921 with organizing the CAF, handing command over later the same year to Air Marshal Lindsay Gordon.[7] The new Canadian Air Force was a branch of the Air Board and was chiefly a training militia that provided refresher training to veteran pilots.[8][9] Many CAF members also worked with the Air Board's Civil Operations Branch on operations that included forestry, surveying and anti-smuggling patrols.[10] In 1923, the CAF became responsible for all flying operations in Canada, including civil aviation. In 1924, the Canadian Air Force, was granted the royal title, becoming the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Most of its work was civil in nature, with forest patrols of the northwest a major part of its operations;[11] however, in the late 1920s other agencies took up most civil tasks, with the notable exception of aerial photography surveys, and the RCAF evolved into more of a military organization.[12] After budget cuts in the early 1930s, the air force began to rebuild.[13]Template:Rp

Second World War

File:RCAF Typhoon Holland 1944 IWM CL 1598.jpg
Two armourers of No 440 Squadron RCAF re-arming a Hawker Typhoon in the Netherlands, 1944

During the Second World War, the RCAF was a major contributor to the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan and was involved in operations in the United Kingdom, Europe, the north Atlantic, North Africa, southern Asia, and with home defence. Eight thousand, eight hundred and sixty-four Americans came north to volunteer for the RCAF and over 850 died in action.[14] By the end of the war, the RCAF had become the fourth largest Allied air force.[15] During World War II the RCAF was headquartered at a six-storey office building at 20-23 Lincoln's Inn Fields (built 1937), London.[16] A commemorative plaque can be found on the outside of the building.[17]

1945–1968

After the war, the RCAF reduced its strength. Because of the rising Soviet threat to the security of Europe, Canada joined NATO in 1949, and the RCAF established No. 1 Air Division RCAF consisting of four wings with three fighter squadrons each, based in France and West Germany. In 1950, the RCAF became involved with the transport of troops and supplies to the Korean War; however, it did not provide RCAF combat units. Members of the RCAF served in USAF units as exchange officers and several flew in combat. Both auxiliary and regular air defence squadrons were run by Air Defence Command. At the same time, the Pinetree Line, the Mid-Canada Line and the DEW Line radar stations, largely operated by the RCAF, were built across Canada because of the growing Soviet nuclear threat. In 1957, Canada and the United States created the joint North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). Coastal defence and peacekeeping also became priorities during the 1950s and 1960s.Template:R

1968–present: Unification

File:Bomarc on launch erector.jpg
An RCAF CIM-10 Bomarc missile on a launch erector in North Bay. Viewed as an alternative to the scrapped Avro Arrow, the Bomarc's adoption was controversial given its nuclear payload.

In 1968, the Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force and Canadian Army were amalgamated to form the unified Canadian Forces. This initiative was overseen by the Defence Minister, Paul Hellyer. The controversial merger maintained several existing organizations and created some new ones: In Europe, No. 1 Canadian Air Group, operated Canadair CF-104 Starfighter nuclear strike/attack and reconnaissance under NATO's Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force; Air Defence Command: operated McDonnell CF-101 Voodoo interceptors, CIM-10 Bomarc missiles and the SAGE radar stations within NORAD; Air Transport Command: provided strategic airlift for the NATO and UN peacekeeping missions; and Training Command. Aviation assets of the Royal Canadian Navy were combined with the RCAF Canadair CP-107 Argus long-range patrol aircraft under Maritime Command. In 1975, the different commands, and the scattered aviation assets, were consolidated under Air Command (AIRCOM).

File:Operation Inherent Resolve 150304-F-MG591-123.jpg
An RCAF CF-18 Hornet during Operation Impact, 2015. CF-18s have been used by the RCAF since 1983.

In the early 1990s, Canada provided a detachment of CF-18 Hornets for the air defence mission in Operation Desert Shield. The force performed combat air patrols over operations in Kuwait and Iraq, undertook a number of air-to-ground bombing missions, and, on one occasion, attacked an Iraqi patrol boat in the Persian Gulf.

In the late 1990s, Air Command's CF-18 Hornets took part in the Operation Allied Force in Yugoslavia, and in the 2000s, AIRCOM was heavily involved in the Afghanistan War, transporting troops and assets to Kandahar. Later in the decade-long war, AIRCOM set up a purpose-specific air wing, Joint Task Force Afghanistan Air Wing, equipped with several CH-146 Griffon and CH-147 Chinook helicopters, CC-130 Hercules, CU-161 Sperwer and leased CU-170 Heron UAVs in support of the Canadian Forces and ISAF mission. The wing stood down on 18 August 2011.

From 18 March to 1 November 2011, the RCAF was engaged in Operation Mobile, Canada's contribution to Operation Unified Protector in Libya. Seven CF-18 Hornet fighter aircraft and several other aircraft served under Task Force Libeccio as part of the military intervention.[18]

On 16 August 2011, the Government of Canada announced that the name "Air Command" was being changed to the air force's original historic name: Royal Canadian Air Force (along with the change of name of Maritime Command to Royal Canadian Navy and Land Force Command to Canadian Army). The change was made to better reflect Canada's military heritage and align Canada with other key Commonwealth countries whose military units use the royal designation.[19] The RCAF adopted a new badge in 2013, which is similar to the pre-unification RCAF badge (although placed in the modern frame used for command badges). The Latin motto of Air CommandTemplate:Snd Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Snd which was the motto of the Canadian Air Force when first formed after the First World War (before it became the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1924) was retained. Though traditional insignia for the RCAF was restored in 2015, there has been no restoration of the traditional uniforms or rank structure of the historical service (apart from a rank of "aviator", which replaced that of "private" in 2015).[20]

On 17 April 2014, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that Canada was dispatching six CF-18s and military personnel to assist NATO in operations in Eastern Europe.[21]

Equipment

Aircraft

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The Royal Canadian Air Force has about 406 aircraft in service, making it the third-largest air force in the Americas, after the United States Armed Forces, and the Brazilian Air Force.

Current inventory

Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat aircraft
CF-18 Hornet (CF-188) United States Multirole CF-18A/B Hornet 85 98 CF-18A and 40 CF-18B have been delivered for a total of 138. 72 CF-18As and 31 CF-18Bs in inventory, 85 in operational use.[22][23]
FA-18A/B Hornet United States Multirole FA-18A/B Hornet 7 12 F/A-18A and 6 F/A-18B have been delivered from Australia
Maritime patrol
CP-140 Aurora United States ASW/Patrol Lockheed CP-140M 14[24] Will be replaced by up to 16 Boeing P-8A
Reconnaissance
CE-145C Vigilance United States surveillance/reconnaissance Beechcraft King Air 350ER 3[25]
Transport aircraft
CC-130 Hercules United States Tanker/SAR Lockheed CC-130E/HR(T) 12[24] 4 tankers and 8 SAR.[26]
CC-130J Super Hercules United States Tactical airlifter/SAR Lockheed Martin C-130J-30 17[24]
CC-138 Twin Otter Canada SAR DHC-6 Series 300 4[24]
CC-144 Challenger Canada Transport Bombardier Challenger 604, Bombardier Challenger 650 4[24]
CC-150 Polaris Multinational Transport/Tanker Airbus CC-150, Airbus CC-150T 3[24] 2 tanker and 1 VIP
CC-330 Husky Multinational Transport/Tanker A330-200 3 9 new and used aircraft to be converted to MRTT role.[27][28][29] First aircraft arrived in Canada on 31 August 2023.[30]
CC-177 Globemaster III United States Strategic airlifter Boeing C-17A ER 5[24]
Helicopters
CH-139 JetRanger United States Trainer Bell 206B-3 13[24] 13 Eurocopter EC135 ordered as replacement.[31]
CH-146 Griffon United States / Canada Trainer/Transport/SAR 81[24] 85 tactical helicopters and 15 SAR. Eight armed in 2009 to escort CH-147 Chinooks in Afghanistan.[32]
CH-147F Chinook United States Transport Boeing CH-47F 13[24]
CH-148 Cyclone United States ASW 25
CH-149 Cormorant United Kingdom / Italy SAR 13[24] 13 aircraft to be upgraded plus additional 3 new-build helicopters ordered[33]
Trainer aircraft
CT-114 Tutor Canada Air Demonstration, proficiency flying Canadair CL-41A 24[24] Used by 431 Air Demonstration Squadron (The Snowbirds).

Used by Aerospace Engineering Test Establishment (AETE), CFB Cold Lake for test support and pilot proficiency.[34][35]

CT-142 Dash-8 Canada Trainer DHC-8-102 4[24] 3 Dash 8-400 Ordered[31]
CT-145/C-90B King Air United States Trainer C90B 7[24] 7 Beechcraft King Air 260 ordered as replacement.[36]
CT-156 Harvard II United States Trainer 22[24] 24 leased in 2000, 2 added in 2002.[37] Two lost in crashes.[38][39]
Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet France / Germany Jet Trainer Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet Type A 16[40] Based in Montreal and operated by Canadian Air Combat and Electronic Warfare Support Services as well as 414 Squadron.[40]
Grob G 120 Germany Trainer G120A 14[24] 23 G120 TP Ordered[41]
UAV
IAI Heron Israel ISR 2 2 in service, formerly operated 3.[42]
UMS Skeldar V-200 Sweden ISR CU-176 Gargoyle 6 Known as CU-176 Gargoyle in Canadian Service.[43]
RQ-21 Blackjack United States ISR 10

Fixed-wing

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Rotary wing

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Leased and contractor aircraft

The Canadian Forces have leased aircraft from vendors to help transport troops and equipment from Canada and other locations in the past decade. Transport aircraft have been leased as required. Despite RCAF marking all aircraft have civilian registration numbers.

Dornier Alpha Jet Type A
  • 16 aircraft are operated by Top Aces for CATS (Contracted Airborne Training Services) and are based at CFB Cold Lake and CFB Bagotville.[40]

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)

RCAF UAS

SAGEM Sperwer
Designated CU-161; entered service in 2003, retired[44]
IAI Heron
3 leased in 2009 for use in Afghanistan; turned over to the Royal Australian Air Force in 2011[45]

Canadian Army/RCN UAS

BAE Systems Silver Fox
Acquired in 2004 by the Canadian Forces Experimentation Centre[46]
Boeing Insitu ScanEagle
Designated CU-165; operated by the Canadian Army 2008–2014[44]
Elbit Skylark
Designated CU-168; operated by the Canadian Army[47]
AeroVironment RQ-11 Raven
Operated by the Canadian Army
AeroVironment RQ-20 Puma
Acquired in 2018; operated by the Royal Canadian Navy[48]
Prioria Robotics Maveric
Operated by the Canadian Army[49]
Saab Skeldar
Designated CU-176 Gargoyle.[50] Acquired in 2019; operated by the Royal Canadian Navy and CANSOFCOM[51]
Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack
Designated CU-172; operated by the Canadian Army[44][52]
Teal Drones, Inc. Teal 2
Introduced to Army and RCN circa 2024. Fifty acquired.[53]

Future inventory

Aircraft Origin Type Variant Number on order Notes
Combat aircraft
F-35A Lightning II United States Multirole F-35A 88 Ordered in January 2023. First 4 to arrive in 2026, with all 88 to be delivered by 2032.[54][55]
Maritime patrol
Boeing P-8A United States ASW/Patrol Boeing P-8A 14 Plus 2 options, with delivery starting in 2026.[56]
Transport aircraft
CC-295 Kingfisher Spain SAR EADS CASA C-295 16 All 16 aircraft were expected to be delivered by the end of 2022.[57][58][59] However, initial operating capability is not anticipated until 2025/26.[60] Additional trainer aircraft for maintenance personnel arrived in 2020 without SAR equipment and not part of the operational fleet.
Trainer aircraft
CT-145E Expeditor II United States Trainer Beechcraft Super King Air 260 7[61] To operate as part of Canada's Future Aircrew Training (FAcT) Program.[62]
CT-153 Juno France Trainer Airbus H135 19[63] To operate as part of Canada's Future Aircrew Training (FAcT) Program.[62]
CT-142Q Citadel Canada Trainer De Havilland Canada Dash 8-400 3[61] To operate as part of Canada's Future Aircrew Training (FAcT) Program.[62]
CT-102B Astra II Germany Trainer G 120 TP 23[64] To operate as part of Canada's Future Aircrew Training (FAcT) Program.[62]
CT-157 Siskin II Switzerland Trainer Pilatus PC-21 19[64] To operate as part of Canada's Future Aircrew Training (FAcT) Program.[62]
UAV
MQ-9B SkyGuardian United States ISR 11 Delivery from 2028.[65]

Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". On 28 March 2022, the Government of Canada announced that the competition had placed the F-35A first and planned to buy 88 aircraft.[66] On 9 January 2023, the Government of Canada officially ordered 88 F-35As.[54][55] Previously, a unique Canadian CF-35 variant was proposed that would differ from the F-35A by adding a drogue parachute and possibly an F-35B/C-style refuelling probe.[26][67] In 2012, it was revealed that the CF-35 would employ the same boom refuelling system as the F-35A.[68] Following the 2015 Federal Election the Liberal Party, whose campaign had included a pledge to cancel the F-35 procurement,[69] formed a new government and commenced an open competition to replace the existing CF-18 Hornet.[70]

General Atomics MQ-9B SkyGuardian

On 19 December 2023, the Government of Canada announced that a contract was signed for 11 MQ-9B drones, 219 Hellfire missiles, and 12 Mk82 500-pound bombs in a deal worth $2.49 billion CAD.[71][72] The drones are expected to be first delivered in 2028 with full operation expected in 2033.[72] The drones are to be stationed in 14 Wing Greenwood, N.S. with 55 personnel and with 25 personnel at 19 Wing Comox, B.C. and in Ottawa with 160 staff to control the drones.[73] Personnel will also forward deploy to northern Canada as needed.[73]

Boeing P-8A Poseidon

On November 30, 2023, the Government of Canada finalized a government-to-government agreement with the US government for the acquisition of up to 16 P-8A Poseidon aircraft for the RCAF. Fourteen multi-mission aircraft will be procured, with options for up to two additional aircraft.[74]

Future Aircrew Training (FAcT) Program

SkyAlyne was selected to provide the training for pilots and aircrew of the Royal Canadian Air Force.[75] The training includes the following aircraft:

Weapons and other equipment

Weapons systems are used by the CF-18 Hornet, CP-140 Aurora, CH-146 Griffon and the CH-148 Cyclone.

Manufacturer Origin Weapon Type Entered service Notes
Lockheed Martin Template:US GBU-10 Paveway II (12, 16 and 24) Laser-guided bomb 1980s Used by CF-18
General Dynamics Template:US Mark 82 bomb Low drag general-purpose bomb (Template:Cvt) 1970s Used by CF-18
General Dynamics Template:US Mark 83 bomb Low drag general-purpose bomb (1,000 lb (450 kg)) 1980s Used by CF-18
General Dynamics Template:US Mark 84 bomb Low drag general-purpose bomb (2,000 lb (910 kg)) 1980s Used by CF-18
Boeing Template:US Joint Direct Attack Munition[77] A kit to convert a regular bomb into precision-guided munition 2011 Used by CF-18
Raytheon/Hughes Template:US AGM-65G Maverick Missile Air-to-surface missile 1999 Used by CF-18. First leased in 1999 from the United States for Kosovo Force,
then purchased in 2002 for the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)[78][79]
Bristol Script error: No such module "flag". CRV 7 Rocket Folding-fin ground attack rocket 1970s Used by CF-18
Douglas Template:US AIM-7 Sparrow Medium-range semi-active radar homing air-to-air missile 1980s Used by CF-18
Raytheon/Hughes Template:US AIM-120 AMRAAM Beyond Visual Range (BVR) air-to-air missile 2000s Used by CF-18
Raytheon/Ford/
Loral Corp. 		Template:US AIM-9 Sidewinder Heat-seeking, short-range, air-to-air missile 1980s Used by CF-18
General Dynamics/
General Electric 		Template:US M61 20mm Vulcan cannon Air-cooled gatling-style cannon 1980s Used by CF-18
Alliant Template:US Mark 46 torpedo Air and ship-launched lightweight torpedo 1970s Used by CP-140 Aurora and CH-148 Cyclone (but not by CP-140A Arcturus)
FN Herstal Script error: No such module "flag". FN MAG C6 7.62 mm self-defence machine gun 1980s Used by CH-146 Griffon, CH-147F Chinook and CH-148 Cyclone
Dillon Aero Template:US M134 7.62 mm self-defence machine gun 2011 Used by CH-146 Griffon
Browning Arms Company Template:US M3M 0.50 cal (12.7 mm) machine gun 2013 Used by CH-146 Griffon
Manufacturer Origin Name Type In Service Notes
Systems & Electronics, Inc. Template:US 60K Tunner Material handling equipment 2008 Used with CC-177 transport
JBT AeroTech Template:US Halvorsen 44K Loaders Truck Aircraft Side Load Unload (TASLU) Loader 2008 4 for use with CC-177; licensed from Static Engineering of Australia
Mobile Arrestor Gear
FMC Corp. Template:US B-1200 Aircraft towing tractor 2008 Used to tow CC-177 and CC-130

Retired weapons

Weapon Country of manufacture Type In service #
CIM-10 Bomarc-B Template:US Supersonic missile equipped with a 10 kt W40 (nuclear warhead) 1962 to 1972 N/A
AIR-2 Genie Template:US Air-to-air rocket with a 1.5 kt W25 (nuclear warhead) 1965 to 1984 N/A
MK-20 "Rockeye" Template:US Cluster bomb 1980s to 1997[80] ≈1000

Structure

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Template:Location map+ The commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force, at National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa, commands and provides strategic direction to the Air Force. The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg, is responsible for the operational command and control of Royal Canadian Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 2 Canadian Air Division was established in June 2009, and consists of training establishments. The other division, 3 Canadian Space Division, was established in 2022.[81]

Template:As of, there are 15 wings across Canada, 13 operational and 2 used for training. Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons, both operational and support, under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander. Ten wings also include a Canadian Forces base along with other operational and support units.

The rank of general is held when an air officer is Chief of the Defence Staff. The last air force officer who served as Chief of the Defence Staff was General Thomas J. Lawson, who was appointed to the position in 2012. The commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force holds the rank of lieutenant-general. Divisions are commanded by major-generals. Brigadier-generals are typically second-in-command of a division. Wings are commanded by colonels. Squadrons are commanded by lieutenant-colonels. Majors are typically second-in-command of squadrons, or flight commanders. Captains, lieutenants and second lieutenants are the junior level leaders in RCAF squadrons and headquarters.

Ranks

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Commander-in-Chief

Rank group Commander-in-chief
Insignia File:Royal Canadian Air Force sleeves (Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces).svg File:Royal Canadian Air Force (Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces).svg
Title Commander-in-chief
Abbreviation C-in-C

Officers

NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1
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General Lieutenant-general Major-general Brigadier-general Colonel Lieutenant-colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second lieutenant
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Non-commissioned members

NATO code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
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Chief warrant officer Master warrant officer Warrant officer Sergeant Master corporal Corporal Aviator (trained) Aviator (basic)
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On 1 April 2015, the rank structure and insignia changed.[84] The rank of private was replaced with that of aviator, represented with a propeller for the rank insignia. The previously used term "leading aircraftman" was considered not to be gender neutral.[85] The rank insignia were also changed: enlisted ranks were changed from gold to pearl-grey (silver) and officers rank braid was changed from gold to pearl-grey on black, similar to the pattern used before unification of Canada's armed forces in 1968.[85] A revival of the former rank titles of the RCAF did not occur, however, as such an extensive change was considered "too complicated and confusing".[84] Instead, the current rank titles were retained (with the exception of aviator). The Royal Flying Corps, considered to be a predecessor of the RCAF, used rank titles similar to the existing rank titles of the RCAF.[85]

Symbols

Badge

Template:Multiple image The badge of the Royal Canadian Air Force consists of:[86]

  • St. Edward's Crown
  • An eagle superimposed on a circlet
  • A compartment of maple leaves
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Roundels

Roundels used from 1920 until 1945 were usually the same as Royal Air Force roundels although not all variations were used and colours were matched to locally available paints. On 5 July 1940, the RCAF was authorized to introduce the maple leaf into the roundel in place of the red centre. However, a large amount of RCAF planes still continued to use the RAF roundel until 1945 since their aircraft, including those built in Canada all came through RAF channels.[87][88]

Stamps

On 9 November 1984, Canada Post issued "Air Force" as part of the Canadian Forces series. The stamps were designed by Ralph Tibbles, based on an illustration by William Southern. The 32¢ stamps are perforated 12 x 12.5 and were printed by Ashton-Potter Limited.[89]

See also

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References

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Further reading

  • Douglas, W. A. B. The Creation of a National Air Force: Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force, v. 2. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (in co-operation with the Department of National Defence), 1986. Template:ISBN.
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  • Milberry, Larry, ed. Sixty Years: The RCAF and CF Air Command 1924–1984. Toronto: Canav Books, 1984. Template:ISBN.
  • Piggott, Peter. Flying Canucks: Famous Canadian Aviators. Toronto: Hounslow Press, 1996. Template:ISBN.
  • Piggott, Peter. Flying Canucks II: Pioneers of Canadian Aviation. Toronto: Hounslow Press, 1997. Template:ISBN.

External links

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  4. ↑ Berthiaume, Lee. "Air force's new name got lost in translation, documents show". Template:Webarchive Postmedia News, 29 November 2011.
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ "Canadian Forces name". [1] CBC. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
  7. ↑ Associated Press, "R.C.A.F. Founder Taken By Death", The Spokesman-Review, Spokane, Washington, Monday 3 January 1944, Volume 64, Number 134, page 2.
  8. ↑ Roberts, Leslie. There Shall Be Wings. Toronto: Clark, Irwin and Co. Ltd., 1959. No ISBN. p. 33
  9. ↑ Milberry, Larry, ed. Sixty Years—The RCAF and CF Air Command 1924–1984. Toronto: Canav Books, 1984. Template:ISBN. p. 17
  10. ↑ A History of Air Services in Canada Template:Webarchive Retrieved: 21 May 2014
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Galloway, Gloria. "Conservatives to restore 'royal' monikers for navy, air force." Template:Webarchive The Globe and Mail, 15 August 2011. Retrieved: 26 September 2011.
  20. ↑ Fitzpatrick, Meagan. "Peter MacKay hails 'royal' renaming of military." CBC News, 16 August 2011. Retrieved: 26 September 2011.
  21. ↑ "Canada sending frigate to join NATO in eastern Europe|." Template:Webarchive The Globe and Mail, 1 May 2014.
  22. ↑ "Directory: World Air Forces". Flight International, 11–17 November 2008.
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
  44. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ "CF-188 Hornets on Op MOBILE drop first JDAM bombs." Template:Webarchive Forces.gc. Retrieved: 2 February 2012.
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ "Disposal of Rockeye Cluster Bombs at CFAD Dundurn." National Defence and the Canadian Forces, 27 July 2004. Retrieved: 26 September 2011.
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ a b "New Royal Canadian Air Force uniform unveiled." Template:Webarchive CTV Ottawa1 April 2015.
  85. ↑ a b c "DND Backgrounder." Template:Webarchive news.gc.ca, April 2015.
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ "Canada Post stamp." Collections Canada. Retrieved: 23 October 2012.
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