Pyridoxine
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Pyridoxine (PN)[1] is a form of vitamin B6 found commonly in food and used as a dietary supplement. As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, side effects or complications of isoniazid use, and certain types of mushroom poisoning.[2] It is used by mouth or by injection.[2]
It is usually well tolerated.[2] Occasionally side effects include headache, numbness, and sleepiness.[2] Normal doses are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.[2] Pyridoxine is in the vitamin B family of vitamins.[2] It is required by the body to metabolise amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.[2] Sources in the diet include meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, and grain.[3]
Medical uses
As a treatment (oral or injection), it is used to treat or prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, side effects of isoniazid treatment and certain types of mushroom poisoning.[2] Isoniazid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Its common side effects include numbness in the hands and feet.[4] Co-treatment with vitamin B6 alleviates the numbness.[5] Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy is a type of rare infant epilepsy that does not improve with typical anti-seizure medications.[6]
Pyridoxine in combination with doxylamine is used as a treatment for morning sickness in pregnant women.[7]
Side effects
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It is usually well tolerated, though overdose toxicity is possible.[2] Occasionally side effects include headache, numbness, and sleepiness.[2] Pyridoxine overdose can cause a peripheral sensory neuropathy characterized by poor coordination, numbness, and decreased sensation to touch, temperature, and vibration.[8] Healthy human blood levels of pyridoxine are 2.1–21.7 ng/mL. Normal doses are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.[2]
Mechanism
Pyridoxine is in the vitamin B family of vitamins.[2] It is required by the body to make amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.[2] Sources in the diet include fruit, vegetables, and grain.[3] It is also required for muscle phosphorylase activity associated with glycogen metabolism.
Metabolism
The half-life of pyridoxine varies according to different sources: one source suggests that the half-life of pyridoxine is up to 20 days,[9] while another source indicates half-life of vitamin B6 is in range of 25 to 33 days.[10] After considering the different sources, it can be concluded that the half-life of pyridoxine is typically measured in several weeks.[9][10]
History
Pyridoxine was discovered in 1934, isolated in 1938, and first made in 1939.[11][12] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[13] Pyridoxine is available both as a generic medication and over the counter product.[2] Foods, such as breakfast cereal have pyridoxine added in some countries.[3]
References
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External links
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