South American fox

The South American foxes (Lycalopex), commonly called raposa in Portuguese, or zorro in Spanish, are a genus inhabiting South America. Despite their name, they are not true foxes, but are a unique canid genus more closely related to wolves and jackals than to true foxes; some of them resemble foxes due to convergent evolution. The South American gray fox, Lycalopex griseus, is the most common species, and is known for its large ears and a highly marketable, russet-fringed pelt.

The second-oldest known fossils belonging to the genus were discovered in Chile, and date from 2.0 to 2.5 million years ago, in the mid- to late Pliocene. The Vorohué Formation of Argentina has provided older fossils, dating to the Uquian to Ensenadan (Late Pliocene).

Names

The common English word "zorro" is a loan word from Spanish, with the word originally meaning "fox". Current usage lists Pseudalopex (literally: "false fox") as synonymous with Lycalopex ("wolf fox"), with the latter taking precedence. In 1895, Allen classified Pseudalopex as a subgenus of Canis, establishing the combination Canis (Pseudalopex), a name still used in the fossil record.

Species

Species currently included in this genus include:

Image	Name	Common name	Distribution
File:Culpeo.jpg	Lycalopex culpaeus	Culpeo or Andean fox	Ecuador and Peru to the southern regions of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego
File:Zorro de Darwin.jpg	Lycalopex fulvipes	Darwin's fox	Nahuelbuta National Park (Araucanía Region), the Valdivian Coastal Range (Los Ríos Region) in mainland Chile and Chiloé Island
File:Chilla in La Rioja.jpg	Lycalopex griseus	South American gray fox or chilla	Argentina and Chile
File:Na estrada?.jpg	Lycalopex gymnocercus	Pampas fox	northern and central Argentina, Uruguay, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, and southern Brazil
File:Lycalopex sechurae in Peru 2 (cropped).jpg	Lycalopex sechurae	Sechuran fox	west-central, northwestern Peru, including the Sechura Desert, and southwestern Ecuador
File:Lycalopex vetulus in Bacury Lodge, Anhembi 1.jpg	Lycalopex vetulus	Hoary fox	south-central Brazil
	†Canis (Pseudalopex) australis		Vorohué Formation, Uquian-Ensenadan Argentina

In 1914, Oldfield Thomas established the genus Dusicyon, in which he included these zorros. They were later reclassified to Lycalopex (via Pseudalopex) by Langguth in 1975.

Phylogeny

The following phylogenetic tree shows the evolutionary relationships between the Lycalopex species, based on molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences.

Relationship with humans

The zorros are hunted in Argentina for their durable, soft pelts. They are also often labelled 'lamb-killers'.

In his diary of his well-known 1952 traveling with the young Che Guevara, Alberto Granado mentions talking with seasonal workers employed on vast sheep farms, who told him of a successful campaign by the ranch owners to exterminate the foxes who were preying on lambs. The ranchers offered a reward of one Argentinian peso for the body of a dead male fox and as much as five pesos for a female fox; to impoverished workers in the early 1950s, five pesos were a significant sum. Within a few years, foxes became virtually extinct in a large part of Argentina.

The Fuegian dog (Template:Langx), also known as the Yaghan dog, was a domesticated form of the culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus), unlike other domesticated canids which were dogs and silver foxes. This means different canid species have been domesticated multiple times by humans independently.

Further reading

• Nowak, Ronald M. (2005). Walker's Carnivores of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Template:ISBN