National Progressive Front (Syria)

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The National Progressive Front (Template:Langx, NPF) was a Ba'athist Syrian state controlled coalition of left-wing parties that supported the Arab nationalist and Arab socialist orientation of the now defunct Assad regime and accepted the "leading role" of the ruling Syrian Ba'ath party. The coalition was modelled after the popular front system used in the Communist Bloc, through which the Syrian Ba'ath party governed the country while permitting nominal participation of smaller, satellite parties. The NPF was part of the Ba'ath party's efforts to expand its support base and neutralize prospects for any sustainable liberal or left-wing opposition, by instigating splits within independent leftist parties or repressing them.[1][2][3][4][5] The coalition was officially outlawed by the Syrian transitional government on 29 January 2025 after the collapse of the Ba'athist regime.

The NPF model was created by the Ba'athist system to enforce a highly centralized presidential system.[6] The satellite parties within the NPF had smaller political power and largely functioned as networks for mobilizing loyalty to the government. Student activism and political activities in armed forces were strictly prohibited for non-Ba'athist parties in the NPF, amongst other restrictions.[7][8]

History

The NPF was established in 1972 by Syrian president Hafez al-Assad to provide for a limited degree of participation in government by political parties other than the ruling Ba'ath Party.[9] While the NPF had little influence in central bodies such as the People's Assembly, it was given more say at the local level, where non-Ba'athists and independent candidates were fielded. While the Ba'ath Party controlled the vast majority of votes in the central committees, several seats in the local were allotted for members of other NPF parties and independents. These minor parties were legally required to accept the leadership of the Ba'ath Party. The non-Ba'athist parties in the Progressive Front, for example, were not allowed to canvass for supporters in the army or the student body which were "reserved exclusively for the Ba'ath."[10]

From 1972 to 2011, only parties participating in the NPF were legally permitted to operate in Syria. The Legislative Decree on Parties law of 2011,[11] Legislative Decree on General Elections Law of 2011[12] and the new Syrian constitution of 2012[13] introduced multi-party system in Syria.

After previously being a part of NPF, the Syrian Social Nationalist Party joined the opposition's Popular Front for Change and Liberation for the May 2012 parliamentary election. However, in the June 2014 presidential election, the SSNP supported the re-election of Bashar al-Assad and subsequently rejoined the front.[14]

Following the fall of the Assad regime in December 2024, the Ba'ath Party indefinitely halted all activities,[15][16] and the Syrian Communist Party (Unified), the National Covenant Party and the SSNP attempted to distance themselves from neo-Ba'athist rule.[17][18][19] The NPF and its member parties were dissolved by the Syrian transitional government on 29 January 2025 and prohibited from re-forming.[20][21]

Constituent parties

The NPF was composed of the following political parties and associated organisations:

Party Ideology
style="background:Template:Party color"| Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party[22] Neo-Ba'athism
Pan-Arabism
style="background:Template:Party color"| Syrian Social Nationalist Party[22] Syrian nationalism
Secularism
style="background:Template:Party color"| Arab Socialist Union Party[22] Nasserism
Arab nationalism
style="background:Template:Party color"| Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)[22] Communism
Marxism–Leninism
style="background:Template:Party color"| Socialist Unionist Party[22] Nasserism
Arab socialism
style="background:Template:Party color"| Syrian Communist Party (Unified)[22] Communism
Marxism–Leninism
style="background:Template:Party color"| National Covenant Party[22] Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism
style="background:Template:Party color"| Arab Democratic Union Party[22] Nasserism
Arab nationalism
style="background:Template:Party color"| Democratic Socialist Unionist Party[22] Nasserism
Arab socialism
Trade unionism
style="background:Template:Party color"| Arab Socialist Movement[23] Neo-Ba'athism
Arab socialism
Social Democratic Unionists Social democracy
Trade unionism
Associated organisations
General Federation of Trade Unions[22] Trade unionism
Workers' rights
General Union of Peasants[22] Trade unionism
Agrarianism
style="background:Template:Party color"| Revolutionary Youth Union[24] Neo-Ba'athism
Youth activism

Electoral history

Syrian People's Assembly elections

Election Seats +/– Position
1973 Template:Composition bar New 1st
1977 Template:Composition bar Increase 9 Steady 1st
1981 Template:Composition bar Steady Steady 1st
1986 Template:Composition bar Steady Steady 1st
1990 Template:Composition bar Increase 55 Steady 1st
1994 Template:Composition bar Steady Steady 1st
1998 Template:Composition bar Steady Steady 1st
2003 Template:Composition bar Steady Steady 1st
2007 Template:Composition bar Steady Steady 1st
2012 Template:Composition bar Decrease 82 Steady 1st
2016 Template:Composition bar Increase 32 Steady 1st
2020 Template:Composition bar Decrease 17 Steady 1st
2024 Template:Composition bar Increase 2 Steady 1st

See also

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Notes

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References

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External links

Template:Ba'ath Party Template:Syrian political parties Template:Authority control

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  10. ↑ Seale, Patrick, Asad, the Struggle for the Middle East, University of California Press, 1989, p. 176
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