Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)

Jammu and Kashmir, also known as Kashmir and Jammu, was a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with the British East India Company from 1846 to 1858 and under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, from 1858 until the Partition of India in 1947, when it became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: China, India, and Pakistan. The princely state was created after the First Anglo-Sikh War, when the East India Company, which had annexed the Kashmir Valley,Template:Sfn from the Sikhs as war indemnity, then sold it to the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, for 75 lakh rupees.

At the time of the partition of India and the political integration of India, Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state. However, an uprising in the western districts by the Gilgit Scouts against Hari Singh supported by informal militias from the neighbouring Northwest Frontier Province, and the Pakistani army personnel, forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir to counter the invasion by tribal militias from Pakistan, which were assisted by the Pakistani government and military leadership. The western and northern districts now known as Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan passed to the control of Pakistan with the support of Gilgit Scouts, while the remaining territory stayed under Indian control, later becoming the Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir. India and Pakistan defined a cease-fire line dividing the administration of the territory with the intercession of the United Nations which was supposed to be temporary but still persists.

Administration

File:Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing sub-regions administered by different countries.jpg

Map of Kashmir showing the borders of the princely state in dark red.

According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows:Template:Sfn

• Jammu province: Districts of Jammu, Jasrota (Kathua), Udhampur, Reasi and Mirpur.
• Kashmir province: Districts of Kashmir South (Anantnag), Kashmir North (Baramulla) and Muzaffarabad.
• Frontier districts: Wazarats of Ladakh and Gilgit.
• Internal jagirs: Poonch, Bhaderwah and Chenani.

In the 1941 census, further details of the frontier districts were given:

• Ladakh wazarat: Tehsils of Leh, Skardu and Kargil.
• Gilgit wazarat: Tehsils of Gilgit and Astore
• Frontier illaqas: (under the Gilgit Agency) Punial, Ishkoman, Yasin, Kuh-Ghizer, Hunza, Nagar, Chilas.

Prime ministers (Jammu & Kashmir)

#	Name	Took office	Left office
1	Raja Sir Daljit Singh	1917	1921
2	Raja Hari Singh	1925	1927
3	Sir Albion Banerjee	January 1927	March 1929
4	G. E. C. Wakefield	1929	1931
5	Hari Krishan Kaul	1931	1932
6	Elliot James Dowell Colvin	1932	1936
7	Sir Barjor J. Dalal	1936	1936
8	Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar	1937	July 1943
9	Kailash Narain Haksar	July 1943	February 1944
10	Sir B. N. Rau	February 1944	28 June 1945
11	Ram Chandra Kak	28 June 1945	11 August 1947
12	Janak Singh	11 August 1947	15 October 1947
13	Mehr Chand Mahajan	15 October 1947	5 March 1948
14	Sheikh Abdullah	5 March 1948	9 August 1953

Demographics

Population

Population of Jammu & Kashmir Princely State by Province (1901–1941)

Census Year	Jammu Province		Kashmir Province		Frontier Regions		Jammu & Kashmir Princely State
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
1901	1,521,307		1,157,394		226,877		2,905,578
1911	1,597,865		1,295,201		265,060		3,158,126
1921	1,640,259		1,407,086		273,173		3,320,518
1931	1,788,441		1,569,218		288,584		3,646,243
1941	1,981,433		1,728,705		311,478		4,021,616

Religion

File:India religion map 1909 en.jpg

Map of India according to religious affiliations in various regions in 1909

Religious groups in Jammu & Kashmir Princely State (British India era)

Religious group	1901		1911		1921		1931		1941
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg	2,154,695		2,398,320		2,548,514		2,817,636		3,101,247
Hinduism File:Om.svg	689,073		690,390		692,641		736,222		809,165
Buddhism File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg	35,047		36,512		37,685		38,724		40,696
Sikhism File:Khanda.svg	25,828		31,553		39,507		50,662		65,903
Jainism File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg	442		345		529		597		910
Christianity File:Christian cross.svg	422		975		1,634		2,263		3,509
Zoroastrianism File:Faravahar.svg	11		31		7		5		29
Tribal	—	—	—	—	—	—	134		51
Judaism File:Star of David.svg	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	10
Others	60		0		1		0		95
Total population	2,905,578		3,158,126		3,320,518		3,646,243		4,021,616
Note: The Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir includes the contemporary administrative divisions of Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh, Azad Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan.

Jammu Province

Including Jammu District, Kathua District, Udhampur District, Reasi District, Mirpur District, Chenani Jagir, and Poonch Jagir.

Religious groups in the Jammu Province of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)

Religious group	1901		1911		1921		1931		1941
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg	876,599		953,293		989,644		1,091,021		1,215,676
Hinduism File:Om.svg	626,177		626,439		626,806		665,246		722,835
Sikhism File:Khanda.svg	13,113		16,659		21,627		29,282		38,566
Buddhism File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg	4,831		452		442		507		522
Jainism File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg	439		345		528		591		901
Christianity File:Christian cross.svg	145		672		1,207		1,753		2,788
Zoroastrianism File:Faravahar.svg	0		5		5		0		23
Tribal	—	—	—	—	—	—	41		29
Judaism File:Star of David.svg	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0
Others	3		0		0		0		93
Total population	1,521,307		1,597,865		1,640,259		1,788,441		1,981,433

Kashmir Province

Including Baramulla District (Kashmir North District), Anantnag District (Kashmir South District), and Muzaffarabad District.

Religious groups in the Kashmir Province of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)

Religious group	1901		1911		1921		1931		1941
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg	1,083,766		1,217,768		1,324,403		1,478,287		1,615,478
Hinduism File:Om.svg	60,682		62,414		64,594		69,296		85,580
Sikhism File:Khanda.svg	12,637		14,772		17,742		21,190		27,034
Christianity File:Christian cross.svg	244		218		341		339		555
Zoroastrianism File:Faravahar.svg	11		26		2		5		6
Jainism File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg	2		0		1		3		9
Buddhism File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg	0		3		2		5		10
Tribal	—	—	—	—	—	—	93		20
Judaism File:Star of David.svg	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	10
Others	52		0		1		0		2
Total population	1,157,394		1,295,201		1,407,086		1,569,218		1,728,705

Frontier Regions

Including Ladakh District, Astore District, Gilgit Leased Area, and Gilgit Agency.

Religious groups in the Frontier Regions of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)

Religious group	1901		1911		1921		1931		1941
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg	194,330		227,259		234,467		248,328		270,093
Buddhism File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg	30,216		36,057		37,241		38,212		40,164
Hinduism File:Om.svg	2,214		1,537		1,241		1,680		750
Sikhism File:Khanda.svg	78		122		138		190		303
Christianity File:Christian cross.svg	33		85		86		171		166
Jainism File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg	1		0		0		3		0
Zoroastrianism File:Faravahar.svg	0		0		0		0		0
Tribal	—	—	—	—	—	—	0		2
Judaism File:Star of David.svg	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0
Others	5		0		0		0		0
Total population	226,877		265,060		273,173		288,584		311,478

See also

• List of political parties in Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
• Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir
• Dogra dynasty
• Jammu and Kashmir Bodyguard Cavalry

Bibliography

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