Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast

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Template:Infobox Russian inhabited locality Primorsk (Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx[1]) is a coastal town in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia and is the second largest Russian port on the Baltic, after St. Petersburg. It is located on the Karelian Isthmus, Script error: No such module "convert". west of St. Petersburg, at the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland, near Beryozovye Islands (Template:Langx; Template:Langx) which are protected as a sea bird sanctuary. Population: Template:Ru-census2010 Template:Replace (2002 Census);[2] Template:Replace (1989 Soviet census).[3]

History

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Historical affiliations

Template:Country data Kingdom of Sweden 1293–1721
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire 1721–1811
File:Coats of arms of the Grand Duchy of Finland.svg Grand Duchy of Finland (Russian Empire) 1811-1917
File:Flag of Finland 1918 (state).svg Republic of Finland 1917–1918
File:Socialist red flag.svg Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic 1918
Template:Country data Republic of Finland 1918–1940
File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 – 1955).svg Soviet Union 1940–1941
Template:Country data Republic of Finland 1941–1944
File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union 1944–1991
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russian Federation 1991–present

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It was first mentioned in Russian chronicles as Beryozovskoye (Script error: No such module "Lang"., lit. birch settlement) in 1268, when the Hanseatic merchants from Gotland petitioned the Novgorod Republic to secure their passage to the Neva River.[4] The original Finnish name Koivisto means "a group of birch trees", "a birch forest". Swedish name Björkö means "birch island". Swedes annexed the region during the Third Swedish Crusade. Novgorod formally ceded the area to Sweden in the Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323. Thereafter Primorsk was organized under the control of the Fief of Viborg. It became a separate parish from the parish of Viborg in 1575.[5] The Russians retook the islands at the close of the Great Northern War in 1721. This was confirmed by the Treaty of Nystad in 1721.

In 1710, during the Great Northern War, the troops of Tsar Peter the Great included the whole area of the modern Vyborgsky District to Russia. In the course of Peter's second administrative reform, the area became a part of Vyborg Province of St. Petersburg Governorate.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The 1721 Treaty of Nystad, which concluded the war with Sweden, finalized the transfer of this part of Old Finland to Russia.[6] In 1744, Vyborg Governorate, with the seat in Vyborg, was established.[7] After several changes, Vyborg Governorate was renamed Finland Governorate in 1802.[7] In 1811, it was renamed back and included in the Grand Duchy of Finland, which was previously ceded to Russia by Sweden.[7] In Finland, it became known as the Viipuri Province. On July 24, 1905, Wilhelm II of the German Empire and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia signed the Treaty of Björkö (Treaty of Koivisto) as a secret mutual defense accord.[8][9] In 1918, the Viipuri Province became a part of independent Finland.

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Koivisto, together with the rest of the Karelian Isthmus, was ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union by the Moscow Peace Treaty as a result of the Winter War. It was recaptured by Finns in early September 1941 following the Soviet defeat at the Battle of Porlampi. The Finns held Koivisto during Continuation War but again ceded the town to the Soviet Union after the Moscow Armistice. This secession was formalized after signing Paris Peace Treaty in 1947. The population was resettled to Finland and population from Central Russia was moved to populate the Karelian Isthmus.

On May 16, 1940, Koivisto became the administrative center of the newly established Koyvistovsky District in Leningrad Oblast.[10] At the same time, Koivisto was granted town status.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". On October 1, 1948, the town was renamed Primorsk and the district was renamed Primorsky.[10] On April 3, 1954, Primorsky District was abolished and merged into Roshchinsky District, with the administrative center in Roshchino.[10] On January 4, 1957, Primorsk was transferred to Vyborgsky District.[11]

File:Koivisto - Приморск 2016 (2).jpg
Apartment buildings near the town center in 2016

Primorsk evolved in the 20th century as an outport for the town of Vyborg.

Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with twenty rural localities, incorporated within Vyborgsky District as Primorskoye Settlement Municipal Formation.[12] As a municipal division, Primorskoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Vyborgsky Municipal District as Primorskoye Urban Settlement.[13]

Economy

Port of Primorsk

The town is the site of reportedly the largest Baltic Sea oil terminal, Port of Primorsk. It was developed as a terminus of the Baltic Pipeline System at a cost of two billion US dollars. The terminal started to operate in December 2001, supplanting Ventspils and other foreign rivals within one year.[14] In 2006, Primorsk was ranked first in Russia in crude oil export, with the export volume of 5,863,000 metric tons.[15]

In the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, on April 29, 2022, Rosneft was not scheduled to export any diesel from Primorsk in May, as demand from Europe dropped off due to sanctions.[16]

Transportation

The town is on the railway line linking St. Petersburg to Vyborg. There is suburban train service to Finland Station in St. Petersburg.

The town is connected by roads with Vyborg and with Zelenogorsk and is also linked by bus to other localities nearby.

Notable people

References

Notes

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  1. ↑ Björkö names and Bjarkey law. See also article on Bjarkey laws for the name's probable connection to old Scandinavian trade legislation.
  2. ↑ Template:Ru-pop-ref
  3. ↑ Template:Ru-pop-ref
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Fay, pp. 68-69. The treaty was published in Izvestia on December 29, 1917. On December 31, 1917, the treaty was copied in the Paris Excelsior. Afterwards, the treaty was copied (with slight paraphrasing) in narratives by Bompard, French ambassador at Petrograd 1902-08, and the Russian diplomat Anatoly Neklyudov.
  9. ↑ Historical pictures from the German Bundesarchiv. Template:Webarchive
  10. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Oblast Law #32-oz
  13. ↑ Law #17-oz
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Fearnleys Russia Template:Webarchive. Russian tanker market monthly. October 27, 2006.
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Sources

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