Phintias (painter)

Phintias (Template:Langx; Template:Floruit) was an ancient Greek vase painter. He worked in the red-figure style, and was an early member of the Pioneer Group of artists who made innovative contributions to the medium through their interest in human anatomy, dynamic poses, and the use of foreshortening.

Phintias may have been a pupil of Psiax, an early red-figure artist, and his early works show similarities with those of Psiax and other pre-Pioneer painters. He is considered among the foremost of the Pioneer artists, though Gordon Campbell judges him inferior to his contemporaries Euphronios and Euthymides, and Brian A. Sparkes categorises his work as comparatively old-fashioned. Fewer than twenty signed works of his survive, across a variety of pottery styles. As well as a painter, he was a potter: he crafted the uniquely shaped Template:Transliteration known as the name-vase of the Painter of the Frankfurt Acorn.

Life and works

Phintias was active in Athens between approximately 520 and 500 BCE. He was a member of the Pioneer Group, a group of vase-painters so named for their experimentation within the newly invented red-figure style.Template:Sfn In red-figure, the dark slip painted onto the vase was applied to the background, leaving the foreground rendered by the negative space in the natural color of the clay. This contrasted with the earlier black-figure technique, where the slip was used to paint the figures, and small details picked out by scratching it away.Template:Sfn Although the Pioneers did not invent red-figure painting, they were active within a decade or so of its beginnings, and seem to have regarded themselves as a coherent social group.Template:Sfn Their style was characterised by its interest in human anatomy and the use of dynamic, space-filling poses,Template:Sfn and they more frequently signed their work than previous artists.Template:Sfn

Greek cup, painting in red figure: Heracles moves towards a reclining giant.

Cup (Template:Transliteration) painted by Phintias: John Beazley and Martin Robertson consider this "proto-Pioneer" in style, and the earliest known work attributable to him.Template:Sfn

Like the other major members of the Pioneer group, Phintias frequently wrote on his vases, and depicted some of his "colleagues".Template:Sfn One Template:Transliteration painted by Phintias shows a courtesan (Template:Transliteration) trying to hit a beardless Euthymides with the dregs of a cup of wine, with the caption "this one's for you, beautiful Euthymides!" (; Template:Transliteration).Template:Sfnm Phintias was active before either Euphronios or Euthymides,Template:Sfn and Jenifer Neils considers that he was likely older than Euthymides: she also reads the "beautiful Euthymides" inscription as a possible sexual invitation.Template:Sfn Gordon Campbell suggests that the variety of spellings used by Phintias when signing his name may indicate that he was not highly literate.Template:Sfn

Phintias's early works show stylistic similarities with pre-Pioneer red-figure artists, such as Psiax, Epiktetos and Oltos:Template:Sfn Martin Robertson and Robert Slade Folsom suggest that he may have learned to paint from Psiax.Template:Sfnm Fewer than twenty works attributed to him survive;Template:Sfn he displayed a preference for Type A amphorae, which he shared with Euthymides,Template:Sfn but also painted a Template:Transliteration, a volute krater, calyx kraters, both Template:Transliteration and shoulder-type Template:Transliteration, a Template:Transliteration. and wine-cups.Template:Sfn He was the potter of a triple cockleshell aryballos, now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,Template:Sfn and made a uniquely shaped variant of a Template:Transliteration, painted as his name-vase by the Painter of the Frankfurt Acorn.Template:Sfn

Assessment

Template:Sister project Robertson names Phintias, alongside Euphronios and Euthymides, as the best of the Pioneers,Template:Sfn though Gordon Campbell considers him less skilled than the other two. Campbell categorises his drawing as "bold and simple", without excessive adornment of clothing or armour, usually relatively few figures, and good attention to detail. He also shared the other Pioneers' interest in the use of foreshortening.Template:Sfn Brian A. Sparkes calls him "rather old-fashioned, with a penchant for depicting scenes of everyday life", pointing to the frequent appearances of athletes and sympotic scenes in his painting.Template:Sfn

Karl Schefold called his depictions of Dionysus's Template:Transliteration (the ecstatic retinue that accompanied the god) on an amphora found at Tarquinia "a masterpiece of archaic spatial disposition".Template:Sfn