List of Alamo defenders

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Partial scan of the March 24, 1836 Telegraph and Texas Register with the first Texian list of defenders killed at the Battle of the Alamo
Partial scan of the March 24, 1836 Telegraph and Texas Register with the first Texian list of defenders killed at the Battle of the Alamo

The Battle of the Alamo (February 23 – March 6, 1836) was a crucial conflict of the Texas Revolution. In 1835, colonists from the United States joined with Tejanos (Mexicans born in Texas) in putting up armed resistance to the centralization of the Mexican government.[1] President Antonio López de Santa Anna and the government in Mexico City believed the United States had instigated the insurrection with a goal of annexing Texas.[2]

In an effort to tamp down on the unrest, martial law was declared and military governor General Martín Perfecto de Cos established headquarters in San Antonio de Béxar, stationing his troops at the Alamo.[3] When the Texian volunteer soldiers gained control of the fortress at the Siege of Béxar, compelling Cos to surrender on December 9, many saw his expulsion to the other side of the Rio Grande as the end of Mexican forces in Texas.[4] Most Texian soldiers in Béxar left to join a planned invasion of Matamoros, Mexico.[5]

Garrison commander James C. Neill went home on family matters February 11, 1836, leaving James Bowie and William B. Travis as co-commanders over the predominantly volunteer force.[6] When the Mexican Army of Operations under the command of Santa Anna arrived in Béxar with 1,500 troops on February 23, the remaining Alamo garrison numbered 150.[Note 1] Over the course of the next several days, new volunteers arrived inside the fortress while others were sent out as couriers, to forage for food, or to buy supplies.[7]

A fierce defense was launched from within the walls, even as Bowie and Travis made unsuccessful attempts to negotiate with the Mexican army.[8] Travis repeatedly dispatched couriers with pleas for reinforcements.[9] Although Santa Anna refused to consider a proposed conditional surrender, he extended an offer of amnesty for all Tejanos inside the fortress to walk away unharmed. Most Tejanos evacuated from the fortress about February 25, either as part of the amnesty, or as a part of Juan Seguín's company of courier scouts on their last run.[Note 2]

Cathedral of San Fernando sarcophagus with images of Travis, Bowie and Crockett
Cathedral of San Fernando sarcophagus with images of Travis, Bowie and Crockett

In response to pleas from Travis, James Fannin started from Goliad with 320 men, supplies and armaments, yet had to abort a day later due to a wagon breakdown. Final reinforcements were able to enter the Alamo during March 1–4, most of them from Gonzales which had become a recruitment camp.[Note 3] Others who had left intending to return were unable to re-enter.[10] At 5:30 a.m. on March 6, the Mexican army began the final siege. An hour later, all combatants inside the Alamo were dead.[11] The bodies, with the exception of Gregorio Esparza's, were cremated on pyres and abandoned. Esparza's brother Francisco was a soldier in the Mexican army and received permission from Santa Anna for a Christian burial.[12]

Juan Seguín oversaw the 1837 recovery of the abandoned ashes and officiated at the February 25 funeral. The March 28 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register only gave the burial location as where "the principal heap of ashes" had been found.[13] In the following decades, the public wanted to know the location of the burial site, but Seguín gave conflicting statements, perceived as due to age-related memory problems.[14] Remains thought to be those of the Alamo defenders were discovered at the Cathedral of San Fernando during the Texas 1936 centennial, and re-interred in a marble sarcophagus. Purported to hold the ashes of Travis, Bowie and Crockett, some have doubted it can be proven whose remains are entombed there.[14]

Identifying the combatants

Below are 215 known combatants: 193 who died during the siege, 31 survivors, and one escapee who later died of his wounds.

Mexican Colonel Juan Almonte, Santa Anna's aide-de-camp, recorded the Texian fatality toll as 250 in his March 6 journal entry. He listed the survivors as five women, one Mexican soldier and one slave. Almonte did not record names, and his count was based solely on who was there during the final assault.[15] Santa Anna reported to Mexico's Secretary of War Tornel that Texian fatalities exceeded 600. Historians Jack Jackson and John Wheat attributed that high figure to Santa Anna's playing to his political base.[16]

Research into the battle, and exactly who was inside the fortress, began when the Alamo fell and has continued with no signs of abatement. The first published Texian list of casualties was in the March 24, 1836 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register. The 115 names were supplied by John W. Smith and Gerald Navan,[17] who historian Thomas Ricks Lindley believed likely drew from their own memories, as well as from interviews with those who might have left or tried to enter.[18] In an 1860 statement for the Texas Almanac, former San Antonio alcalde (mayor) Francisco Antonio Ruiz set the number at 182.[19]

When the Alamo Cenotaph was created by Pompeo Coppini in 1939, the 187 defender names on the monument came from the research of Amelia Williams,[20] considered the leading Alamo authority of her day.[21] Her work is still used by some as a benchmark, although skepticism has been voiced. Lindley's 2003 Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions upended much of what was previously accepted as fact.[22] He devoted a chapter to deconstructing Williams' research as "misrepresentation, alteration, and fabrication of data",[23] criticizing the low value she placed on muster rolls as evidence that a man died at the Alamo, and her over-reliance on military land grants, even though the officials who approved the land grants considered the muster rolls to be sufficient proof.[24] Many historians have been slow to embrace Lindley's findings, however. At this writing, most Alamo defender biographies on the Texas State Historical Association's website (tshaonline.org) and the official Alamo site (thealamo.org) draw from the work of historian Bill Groneman, who relied heavily on Williams, and show little, if any, influence from Lindley.

In the pursuit of uncovering every infinitesimal piece of evidence about what happened during the battle, more thorough research methods continue to evolve and Tejanos have begun to add their voices. Until recent decades, accounts of Tejano participation in the Texas revolution were notably absent, but historians such as Timothy M. Matovina[25] and Jesús F. de la Teja[26] have helped add that missing perspective to the battle's events.

Key to military rank abbreviations

Key to military rank abbreviations
COL Colonel LT Lieutenant SGM Sergeant-Major CPL Corporal
LTC Lieutenant Colonel 1LT First Lieutenant 4SG Fourth Sergeant PVT Private
MAJ Major 2LT Second Lieutenant SGT Sergeant QM Quartermaster
CPT Captain CNT Cornet 3CPL Third Corporal AQM Assistant Quartermaster

Defenders

Name Rank Birth year Birthplace Status Legacy and notes Ref(s)
Script error: No such module "Sort". SGT — Texas fatality [27]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1815 Kentucky survivor Left on March 5 as the final courier sent from the Alamo [28]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — Virginia fatality [29]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — fatality [30]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1809 Vermont fatality [31]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1793[32] North Carolina fatality [33]
Script error: No such module "Sort". SGT — Texas fatality [34]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1812 Kentucky fatality Namesake of Bailey County, Texas [35]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1814 Arkansas fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [36]
Script error: No such module "Sort". CPT — Missouri fatality [37]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — Pennsylvania fatality [38]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1814 Scotland fatality [39]
Script error: No such module "Sort". CPT 1803 Virginia fatality Adjutant of the garrison, next in command after co-commanders Bowie and Travis [40]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — Louisiana survivor Claimed to be a courier, quickly denounced as a fraud, but now accepted by some historians [41]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1808 Tennessee fatality [40]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1813 Kentucky survivor Sent as a courier to Goliad [42]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1803 Tennessee fatality [43]
Script error: No such module "Sort". CPT 1807 Tennessee fatality Assistant to Master of Ordnance [44]
Script error: No such module "Sort". CPT 1795 England fatality [44]
Script error: No such module "Sort". 2LT 1807 South Carolina fatality Courier to Goliad and Gonzales, returned March 3, possibly died manning one of the cannons [45]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1810 England fatality [46]
Script error: No such module "Sort". COL c. 1796 Kentucky fatality Co-commander of the garrison after the departure of James. C. Neill; became bedridden the day after the siege began. Namesake of Bowie County. [47]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — fatality Possibly a.k.a. James H. Bowman [48]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT c. 1818 — survivor Left after February 25, later served as a baggage guard at the Battle of San Jacinto [49]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1813 Alabama fatality [50]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1810 Ireland fatality [50]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1813 Missouri Territory fatality [50]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1802 Pennsylvania fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [51]
Script error: No such module "Sort". LT 1810 Tennessee fatality [52]
Script error: No such module "Sort". CPT 1806 Virginia fatality [52]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — Mississippi fatality [53]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1812 Kentucky fatality [54]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1810 New Hampshire fatality Namesake of Cochran County, Texas [55]
Script error: No such module "Sort". LT 1811 Missouri fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company; namesake of Cottle County, Texas [56]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1808 Germany fatality [57]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1814 South Carolina fatality [58]
Script error: No such module "Sort". COL 1786 Tennessee fatality Frontiersman and congressman, his life was portrayed in many exploits during and after his death. Namesake of Crockett County, Texas [59]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1810 Pennsylvania fatality [60]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — Mexico survivor Left as courier with Seguin on February 25 [61]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1809 Pennsylvania fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [62]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1804 New York fatality [63]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Script error: No such module "Sort". LT 1793 Kentucky fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [64]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1811 Kentucky fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [65]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1806 — fatality [66]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1808 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [67]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT c. 1811 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [67]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — Texas survivor Dispatched as a courier [68]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1812 England or Ireland fatality [69]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — Louisiana fatality Slave of Francis Desauque, served as a combatant (Slaves identified by last names of their masters) [70]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1812 Louisiana fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [71]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1812 New York fatality [72]
Script error: No such module "Sort". CPT 1810 Tennessee fatality [73]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1805 Tennessee fatality [74]
Script error: No such module "Sort". SGT — England fatality AKA Dicken, Dickon, Dickson, Dockon, Dimkin, Dinkin, Dinkins [75]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1804 Ireland fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [76]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — fatality [77]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — fatality [78]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1819 Texas fatality [79]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1802 Texas fatality [80]
Script error: No such module "Sort". MAJ 1800 Ireland fatality Master of Ordnance [81]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1812 New York fatality [82]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality [82]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1814 Kentucky fatality [83]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — Alabama fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [84]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1800 Salisbury, Massachusetts fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [84]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — c.1801 Texas survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Script error: No such module "Sort". CPT 1806 Texas survivor Left with Seguín on February 25 [85]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1804 North Carolina fatality Namesake of Floyd County, Texas; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [86]
Script error: No such module "Sort". CPT 1797 New York fatality [87]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1813 Texas fatality [88]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1819 Alabama fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [89]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1812 Virginia fatality [90]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1813 Louisiana fatality [90]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1806 Tennessee fatality [91]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1809 — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [92]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1819 — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [93]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1802 — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [94]
Script error: No such module "Sort". CNT 1809 Virginia fatality [95]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1817 Georgia fatality [96]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — Mexico survivor A deserter from Ugartechea's troops, convinced the Mexican troops he was a prisoner of war [97]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1804 England fatality aka Gwynne [98]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1813 Kentucky fatality [99]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1809 Tennessee fatality [99]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — fatality [100]
Script error: No such module "Sort". CPT 1811 Ohio fatality [101]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1799 Ireland fatality [101]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1814 Tennessee fatality [102]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1813 Tennessee fatality [102]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1802 Virginia fatality [103]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Script error: No such module "Sort". SGT 1805 England fatality [104]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1810 Ohio fatality First to cross over the line in the sand. [105]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — fatality [30]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1808 Pennsylvania fatality [106]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — 1791 Massachusetts fatality [107]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — fatality [30]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — Ireland fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [108]
Script error: No such module "Sort". LT 1807 Kentucky fatality [109]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Script error: No such module "Sort". MAJ 1807 Kentucky fatality [110]
Script error: No such module "Sort". CPL 1780 Connecticut fatality Oldest defender of The Alamo [111]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — Texas fatality [112]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1800 Missouri survivor Dispatched as courier February 23 [113]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — Illinois Territory fatality [114]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — Pennsylvania fatality [115]
Script error: No such module "Sort". 1LT 1810 New York fatality [115]
Script error: No such module "Sort". LT 1817 Kentucky fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1814 Virginia fatality [116]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1791 Kentucky fatality Namesake of Kent County, Texas, Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [117]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1814 Louisiana fatality [118]
Script error: No such module "Sort". LT 1803 Pennsylvania fatality Namesake of Kimble County, Texas; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [119]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1820 Mississippi fatality Youngest defender fatality; namesake of King County; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [120]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1806 Virginia fatality [121]
Script error: No such module "Sort". 3CPL 1805 Kentucky fatality [121]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1814 Illinois fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [122]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — Massachusetts fatality [123]
Script error: No such module "Sort". CPT 1782 Virginia survivor Left with Andrew Jackson Sowell to buy supplies; namesake of Lockhart, Texas [124]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1808 Texas fatality [116]
Script error: No such module "Sort". LT 1807 Virginia fatality [125]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1817 Georgia fatality [126]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1808 Tennessee fatality [126]
Script error: No such module "Sort". CPT 1808 Rhode Island fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company dispatched with the Travis letter To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World; returned to the Alamo [127]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1803 South Carolina survivor Garrison delegate to the March 1 Convention of 1836 at Washington-on-the-Brazos [128]
Script error: No such module "Sort". LT — — fatality [129]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — fatality [130]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1804 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [131]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1794 Pennsylvania fatality [132]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — Ireland fatality [132]
Script error: No such module "Sort". SGT — Scotland fatality [133]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1809 Ireland fatality [134]
Script error: No such module "Sort". QM, LT 1798 Georgia fatality [135]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1795 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [136]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1815 Tennessee fatality [137]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT c. 1795 Mississippi fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [138]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — 1806 Virginia fatality a.k.a. Dr. E.F. Mitchusson [139]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1806 — fatality [140]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1804 — fatality [141]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1781 Virginia fatality [142]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1808 Marion County

MS

fatality [143]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — fatality [144]
Script error: No such module "Sort". SGT 1805 Ohio fatality [145]
Script error: No such module "Sort". SGT 1810 Texas fatality [146]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1808 South Carolina fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [147]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1809 Tennessee fatality [148]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1816 South Carolina fatality [148]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1805 South Carolina fatality [149]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1804 Virginia fatality [150]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1809 England fatality [151]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — Ireland fatality [77]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1817 Virginia survivor Dispatched as a courier February 29 [152]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1810 — fatality [153]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1814 — fatality [145]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1805 North Carolina fatality [145]
Script error: No such module "Sort". AQM, LT 1808 Kentucky survivor Assumed to be a courier, who left with John William Smith [154]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1817 Mississippi fatality [155]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — 1803 Massachusetts fatality Chief surgeon of the garrison, created a hospital in the fortress [156]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1806 Pennsylvania fatality [157]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — — fatality [158]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality [159]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — fatality [77]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1805 Ohio fatality [160]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT Nacogdoches fatality or left before the battle Historians are divided over whether a purported Alamo survivor named Louis "Moses" Rose is the same man who appears on most early Alamo casualty lists. [161]
Script error: No such module "Sort". MAJ — — fatality [100]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — Ireland fatality [162]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1798 Kentucky fatality [163]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1805 Louisiana fatality [162]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1809 North Carolina fatality [155]
Script error: No such module "Sort". CPT 1806 Texas survivor Left February 25 to recruit reinforcements [164]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1805 England fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [Note 4]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1811 Georgia fatality aka Shudd [155]
Silvero — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Script error: No such module "Sort". LT 1815 South Carolina fatality [165]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1815 Tennessee fatality [165]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1806 Maryland fatality [166]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — 1792 Virginia survivor The final courier sent to Washington-on-the-Brazos, unable to return [167]
Script error: No such module "Sort". SGT 1808 North Carolina fatality [168]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1811 — fatality [169]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1800 — survivor Left for Gonzales as a courier on February 23; relayed the Travis letter from Albert Martin to the provisional government at San Felipe [170]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1815 Tennessee survivor Left with Byrd Lockhart to buy supplies [171]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT — — fatality [30]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1811 England fatality [172]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1808 England fatality [172]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1817 New Jersey fatality [172]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1817 Tennessee fatality [173]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1812 South Carolina fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [174]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1792 Virginia survivor Sent to Gonzales for reinforcements on February 23 [175]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1818 Alabama fatality [169]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality Namesake of Taylor County, Texas, brother of James and George [176]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1816 Tennessee fatality Namesake of Taylor County, brother of Edward and James [177]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1814 Tennessee fatality Namesake of Taylor County, Texas, brother of George and Edward [178]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1799 Tennessee fatality [179]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1818 Kentucky fatality [180]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1811 Germany fatality [181]
Thompson — — — fatality Per historian Lindley, no first name on the muster rolls [182]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1807 North Carolina fatality [183]
Script error: No such module "Sort". 2LT 1812 Pennsylvania fatality [184]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1810 Ireland fatality [184]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — 1813 or 1815 Alabama survivor Slave of William B. Travis, fought beside him in the battle; accompanied Susanna Dickinson to Gonzales. (Slaves identified by last names of their masters) [185]
Script error: No such module "Sort". LTC 1809 South Carolina fatality Shared command of the garrison with James Bowie until the latter became bedridden and unable to command. Namesake of Travis County. [186]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1814 Missouri Territory fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [187]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1795 New York fatality [188]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1813 Tennessee fatality [189]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1799 Tennessee fatality [189]
Script error: No such module "Sort". SGT 1806 Ireland fatality [189]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1812 Arkansas escaped Died June 1836 of wounds incurred during the battle or during his escape [190]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT c. 1808 Tennessee fatality Possibly a.k.a. James Morgan [189]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1812 England fatality [189]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1798 Georgia fatality [189]
Script error: No such module "Sort". SGT — — fatality [191]
Script error: No such module "Sort". CPT 1806 England fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [192]
Script error: No such module "Sort". SGM 1810 Pennsylvania fatality [193]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — fatality [193]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1807 Scotland fatality [193]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1804 Pennsylvania fatality [193]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1782 — fatality [193]
Script error: No such module "Sort". PVT 1810 North Carolina fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [194]
Script error: No such module "Sort". LT 1808 Denmark fatality [193]
Script error: No such module "Sort". — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]

See also

Script error: No such module "Portal".

Citations

Notes

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  1. ↑ "The enemy in large force is in sight. We want men and provisions. Send them to us. We have 150 men and are determined to defend the Alamo to the last. Give us assistance. (signed) William Barret Travis, February 23, 1836" Letter to Gonzales alcalde Andrew Ponton. Groneman (2001), p. 1; The Alamo was under Sam Houston's authority as commander-in-chief of the paid army, which included Neill, Bowie, Travis and Crockett. Until March 4, Houston's authority did not extend to volunteers and local militias, which were the majority of the fighting force inside the Alamo. Hatch (1999), p. 188.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Some Tejanos were part of the Bexar military garrison, but others were part of Seguin's volunteer scout company and were in the Alamo on or before Feb 23. Enrique Esparza, who was inside the fortress as the son of defender Gregorio Esparza, later recalled that Santa Anna offered a three-day amnesty to all Tejano defenders. According to Esparza, Tejanos discussed the matter with Bowie who advised them to take the amnesty. It is believed most of the Tejanos left when Seguin did, either as couriers or because of the amnesty. Poyo (1996), pp. 53, 58 "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Hardin); Lindley (2003), pp. 94, 134.
  3. ↑ The most notable group from Gonzales in the final days was the Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company, nicknamed the Immortal 32 in later decades, although the exact head count of that company varies by source. Moore (2004), pp. 28–29, 39–43, 46, 51; Moore (2007), p. 100; Lindley (2003), p. 98.
  4. ↑ Some lore give the birthplace of Sewell as Tennessee but have no definitive source; however, scholars and other sourcing, including the Alamo, say he was born in England. Todish (1998), p. 85; Moore (2007), p. 100.; Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Footnotes

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  1. ↑ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 2, 4, 6.
  2. ↑ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 137–138.
  3. ↑ Davis (2004), p. 143; Todish et al. (1998), p. 121.
  4. ↑ Poyo (1996), p. 54, "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Hardin).
  5. ↑ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 29, 125.
  6. ↑ Todish et al. (1998), p. 126; Moore (2004), p. 39.
  7. ↑ Groneman (2001), p. 1; Lindley (2003), pp. 90, 93.
  8. ↑ Lindley (2003), pp. 92–93; Groneman (2001), pp. 4–5; Jackson, Wheat (2005), p. 367.
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Moore (2004), pp. 4, 22.
  11. ↑ Lord (1961), p. 166.
  12. ↑ Edmondson (2000), pp. 45–46, 374.
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 148; Jackson, Wheat (2005), pp. 374, 377.
  16. ↑ Jackson, Wheat (2005), p. 389.
  17. ↑ Chariton (1990), p. 180.
  18. ↑ Lindley (2003), pp. 226–227.
  19. ↑ Matovina (1995), pp. 43–44.
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Lindley (2003), pp. 37, 39–41, 67–68.
  24. ↑ Lindley (2003), pp. 52, 57.
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 76.
  28. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 1.
  29. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 2.
  30. ↑ a b c d Lindley (2003), pp. 54, 143.
  31. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 6–7.
  32. ↑ Photo of cemetery monument Template:Webarchive at Hillcrest Cemetery in northern Mississippi, accessed December 8, 2015.
  33. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 7.
  34. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 8; Todish (1998), p. 76.
  35. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 8.
  36. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 9; Moore (2007), p. 100
  37. ↑ Todish (1998), p. 76; Groneman (1990), pp. 9–10.
  38. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 10.
  39. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 10–11.
  40. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 11; Todish (1998), p. 76.
  41. ↑ Brown, p. 149; Lindley (2003), p. 131.
  42. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 12.
  43. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 13–14.
  44. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 14.
  45. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 15–16.
  46. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 16.
  47. ↑ Hopewell (1994), pp. 2–3, 116.
  48. ↑ Lindley (2003), pp. 62, 79.
  49. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 20–21; Moore (2004), p. 457.
  50. ↑ a b c Groneman (1990), p. 21.
  51. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 22; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  52. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 22.
  53. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 24.
  54. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 24.
  55. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 24–25.
  56. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 25; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  57. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 25.
  58. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 26.
  59. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 26–27; Lindley (2003), p. 202.
  60. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 29.
  61. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 29–30.
  62. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 30; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  63. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 30–31.
  64. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 32; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  65. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 32; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  66. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 32.
  67. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 33; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  68. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 33.
  69. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 34.
  70. ↑ Todish (1998), p. 81; Hopewell (1994), p. 125; Nofi (1992), p. 131.
  71. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 35–36; Todish (1998), p. 78; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  72. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 36.
  73. ↑ Carrington (1993), pp. 74–75; Groneman (1990), pp. 36–37.
  74. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 39.
  75. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 41–42.
  76. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 42; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  77. ↑ a b c Lindley (2003), p. 144.
  78. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 143.
  79. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 79.
  80. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 45–46.
  81. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 47; Edmondson (2000), p. 371.
  82. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 48.
  83. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 48–49.
  84. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 49; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  85. ↑ de la Teja (1991), pp. 18, 135, 182; Lindley (2003), pp. 94, 112; Moore (2004), p. 60.
  86. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 50; Moore (2007), p. 100; Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 50.
  88. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 51.
  89. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 51; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  90. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 52.
  91. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 52–53.
  92. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 53; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  93. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 53; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  94. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 53–54; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  95. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 54–55.
  96. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 55.
  97. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 55–56.
  98. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 56.
  99. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 57.
  100. ↑ a b Lindley (2003), p. 53.
  101. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 58.
  102. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 59.
  103. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 59–60.
  104. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 60.
  105. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 61–62.
  106. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 62.
  107. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 62; Lindley (2003), p. 143.
  108. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 63; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  109. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 63.
  110. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 63–64.
  111. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 64.
  112. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 81.
  113. ↑ Lindley (2003), pp. 88, 109, 321; Lord (1961), p. 96.
  114. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 66–67.
  115. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 67.
  116. ↑ a b Todish (1998), p. 82.
  117. ↑ Todish (1998), p. 82; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  118. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 69.
  119. ↑ Todish (1998), p. 82; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".; Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  121. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 71.
  122. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 71; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  123. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 72.
  124. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 90; Groneman (1990), pp. 72–73; Moore (2004), p. 60.
  125. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 74.
  126. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 75.
  127. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 76; Green (1988), p. 500; Lindley (2003), p. 91; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 76.
  130. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 59.
  131. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 77; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  132. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 77.
  133. ↑ Todish (1998), p. 83.
  134. ↑ Lord (1961), p. 217; Todish (1998), p. 83.
  135. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 78–79.
  136. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 79; Todish (1998), p. 83; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  137. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 79–80.
  138. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 80; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  139. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 80.
  140. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 81.
  141. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 81.
  142. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 81–82.
  143. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 82
  144. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 54.
  145. ↑ a b c Todish (1998), p. 84.
  146. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 84.
  147. ↑ Todish (1998), p. 84; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  148. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 84.
  149. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 85.
  150. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 86.
  151. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 87.
  152. ↑ Todish (1998), p. 89.
  153. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 88.
  154. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 202; Groneman (1990), pp. 89–90; Moore (2004), pp. 52–54, 100.
  155. ↑ a b c Todish (1998), p. 85.
  156. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 91–92.
  157. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 92.
  158. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 93.
  159. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 93.
  160. ↑ Lindley (2003). p. 236; Todish (1998), p. 85.
  161. ↑ Groneman (1990). pp. 94-95; Lindley (2003). p. 224-226
  162. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), pp. 95–96.
  163. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 96.
  164. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 97; Nofi (1992), pp. 85–86.
  165. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 100.
  166. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 101.
  167. ↑ Nofi (1992), p. 79; Myers (1948), p. 202; Groneman (1990), pp. 101–102; Todish (1998), p. 90.
  168. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 103.
  169. ↑ a b Todish (1998), p. 86.
  170. ↑ Green (1988), pp. 503–504; Groneman (1990), p. 101.
  171. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 90; Groneman (1990), pp. 72–73, 105.
  172. ↑ a b c Groneman (1990), p. 106.
  173. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 107.
  174. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  175. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  176. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 109.
  177. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 110.
  178. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 110.
  179. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 111.
  180. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 111.
  181. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 111.
  182. ↑ Lindley (2003), p. 63.
  183. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 112.
  184. ↑ a b Groneman (1990), p. 113.
  185. ↑ Groneman (1990), pp. 64–65; Todish (1998), p. 89; Edmondson (2000), p. 369; Lindley (2003), p. 44.
  186. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 115.
  187. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 116; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  188. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 116.
  189. ↑ a b c d e f Todish (1998), p. 87.
  190. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 119.
  191. ↑ Todish (1998), pp. 87–88.
  192. ↑ Groneman (1990), p. 120; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  193. ↑ a b c d e f Todish (1998), p. 88.
  194. ↑ Todish (1998), p. 88; Moore (2007), p. 100.

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References

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Script error: No such module "Military navigation". Template:Top icon

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