Perfective aspect

The perfective aspect (abbreviated Template:Sc), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect that describes an action viewed as a simple whole, i.e., a unit without interior composition. The perfective aspect is distinguished from the imperfective aspect, which presents an event as having internal structure (such as ongoing, continuous, or habitual actions). The term perfective should be distinguished from perfect (see below).

The distinction between perfective and imperfective is more important in some languages than others. In Slavic languages, it is central to the verb system. In other languages such as German, the same form such as ("I went", "I was going") can be used perfectively or imperfectively without grammatical distinction. In other languages such as Latin, the distinction between perfective and imperfective is made only in the past tense (e.g., Latin "I came" vs. "I was coming", "I used to come"). However, perfective should not be confused with tense—perfective aspect can apply to events in the past, present, or future.

The perfective is often thought of as for events of short duration (e.g., "John killed the wasp"). However, this is not necessarily true—a perfective verb is equally right for a long-lasting event, provided that it is a complete whole; e.g., (Livy) "Tarquin the Proud reigned for 25 years." It simply "presents an occurrence in summary, viewed as a whole from the outside, without regard for the internal make-up of the occurrence."

The perfective is also sometimes described as referring to a "completed" action, but it would be more accurate to say that it refers to an action or situation that is seen as a complete whole; e.g., the Russian perfective future "I shall kill you" refers to an event that has not yet been completed.

The essence of the perfective is an event seen as a whole. However, most languages that have a perfective use it for various similar semantic roles—such as momentary events and the onsets or completions of events, all of which are single points in time and thus have no internal structure. Other languages instead have separate momentane, inchoative, or cessative aspects for those roles, with or without a general perfective.

Equivalents in English

English has neither a simple perfective nor imperfective aspect; see imperfective for some basic English equivalents of this distinction.

When translating into English from a language that has these aspects, the translator sometimes uses separate English verbs. For example, in Spanish, the imperfective can be translated "I knew" vs. the perfective "I found out", "I was able to" vs. "I succeeded", "I wanted to" vs. "I tried to", "I did not want to" vs. "I refused". The Polish perfective aspect is translated into English as a simple tense and the imperfective as a continuous; for example the imperfective is translated into "I was watching", while the perfective is translated into "I watched". Such distinctions are often language-specific.

Marking

Languages may mark perfective aspect with morphology, syntactic construction, lexemes/particles, or other means.

• Older Germanic languages: the aspect prefixes (in Old English), (in Old Saxon and Old High German), and (in Gothic) indicate perfective aspects of verbs.
• Thai: the aspect marker , grammaticalized from the word for "ascend," indicates a certain type of underconstrained perfective aspect when it follows a main verb
• Hindi: the perfective aspect is marked using the perfective aspect participle. The perfective participle is constructed as shown in the table below, the consonant (Template:Transliteration) is added to the perfective suffix when the verb root ends in a vowel.

Perfective Participle in Hindi

	verb root ending in a consonant		verb root ending in a vowel
	♂	♀	♂	♀
Singular	Template:Ns Template:Transliteration	Template:Ns Template:Transliteration	Template:Ns Template:Transliteration	Template:Ns Template:Transliteration
Plural	Template:Ns Template:Transliteration	Template:Ns Template:Transliteration	Template:Ns Template:Transliteration	Template:Ns Template:Transliteration

Perfective vs. perfect

The terms perfective and perfect should not be confused.

A perfect tense (abbreviated Template:Sc or Template:Sc) is a grammatical form used to describe a past event with present relevance, or a present state resulting from a past situation. For example, "I have put it on the table" implies both that I put the object on the table and that it is still there; "I have been to France" conveys that this is a part of my experience as of now; and "I have lost my wallet" implies that this loss is troublesome at the present moment. A perfect tense does not necessarily have to be perfective in aspect. For example, "I have been waiting here for an hour" and "I have been going to that doctor all my life" are perfect but also imperfective in aspect.

There are some languages, however, such as Modern Greek, in which the perfect tense is always perfective.

Examples

Hindustani

Hindustani (aka Hindi-Urdu) has 3 grammatical aspects: Habitual, Perfective and Progressive. Each aspect is constructed from its participle and a number of auxiliary verbs can be used with the aspectual participles such as: (to be, to happen), (to stay, to remain), (to go), (to come), and (to do). These verbs themselves can be made into aspectual participles and can be used with the default auxiliary verb (to be), hence forming sub-aspects that combine the nuance of two aspects. The auxiliary (to stay) gives a nuance of continuity of the perfective state, (to go) is used to construct the passive voice (in its habitual subaspect) and also shows that the action is completed (in its perfective subaspect), (to do) gives the nuance that the perfective action is repeated habitually.

Simple Aspect	Perfective Aspect (infinitive forms)
to happen	to have happened	to have happened	x	to happen
to do	to have done	to have done	to be done	to do
to die	to have died	to have died	to die	to die

¹ The auxiliary (to go) can only be used with the perfective aspect participle if the verb is transitive, or intransitive but volitional. So, is not valid construction. (to die) is intransitive but it's a volitional action and hence is a valid construction.

Note: Most nuances generated by the auxiliaries are not uniquely expressed in English and hence many verbs above have the same translation in English but don't have the same nuances in Hindi-Urdu.

Conjugating the auxiliary verbs which are in the infinitive form above into their aspectual forms using the auxiliary (to be) gives the following subaspectual forms of the perfective aspect in their infinitive form:

Perfective Aspect

Habitual	Perfective	HabitualTemplate:Efn	PerfectiveTemplate:Efn	ProgressiveTemplate:Efn	Habitual
to stay happened	to have stayed happened	x	x	to keep happening continuously	to happen perfectively and habitually
to stay done	to have stayed done	to be done	to have been done	to have been doing continuously	to do perfectively and habitually
to stay dead	to have stayed dead	to be dead	to have killed oneself	to have been dying continuously	to die perfectively and habituallyTemplate:Efn

See also

• Ancient Greek verbs: Meanings of the tenses
• Chinese grammar: Aspects
• Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages

External links

• Greek tenses