Ōyama Iwao

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Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Family name hatnote Script error: No such module "infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters". Script error: No such module "Nihongo". was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army. He was representative of the outstanding military commanders of the late modern period.[1]

Early life

File:Birthplace of OYAMA Iwao.JPG
Birthplace in Kagoshima

Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. He was a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori.[2] A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.

Since at least 1904, local accounts have confused Ōyama Iwao with Sukeichi Oyama (1858-1922), Japanese engraver who studied at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York, United States.[3][4]

Military career

File:Iwao Oyama, Commandor of the IJA Manchurian Army during the Russo-Japanese War.jpg
Field Marshal Ōyama during the Russo-Japanese War

In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871)[2] to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874)[2] in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku.[5] On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion,[2] although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.

In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army,[2] which after landing on Liaodong Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shandong, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei.[6] After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.[7]

For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898,[2] he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria.[6] As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.[8]

After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907[2] to the rank of Script error: No such module "Nihongo".,[9] the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.

Political career and death

As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Script error: No such module "Nihongo".,[2] and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.[10]

In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.

Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral.[10] Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded Script error: No such module "convert"., and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.

Personal life

File:Sutematsu Oyama at Vassar.jpg
Ōyama Sutematsu at Vassar

Family

Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882.[11] In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.

Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.[12]

Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". in 1908. His second son Template:Ill became an archaeologist after he retired from the army.

House

Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.

Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage.[13] The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II Script error: No such module "Unsubst"..

Kimigayo

In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.[14]

Honours

File:Statue of Iwao Oyama in Kudan, Tokyo.jpg
Statue of General Ōyama Iwao at Kudanzaka in Tokyo.

From the Japanese Wikipedia

Japanese

Peerages and other titles

Decorations

Court order of precedence

  • Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
  • Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
  • Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
  • Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
  • Third rank (27 December 1884)
  • Second rank (19 October 1886)
  • Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
  • Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)

Foreign

Other

Ancestry

[18] Template:Ahnentafel

See also

Notes

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Oyama, S. Personal letter. 10 July 1913. Livingston County Historian's Office, Mt. Morris, New York.
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Dupuy, Encyclopedia of Military Biography
  6. ↑ a b Wikisource One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".page 276
  9. ↑ National Diet Library, Portraits of Modern Historical Figures
  10. ↑ a b Template:EB1922
  11. ↑ "Prince Iwao Oyama Is Dead in Japan", The New York Times, 11 December 1916.
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Adachi, The Wife of Japan's great General Oyama
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ The London Gazette, 15 May 1906
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Barry, B. (October 2003) People Places: Contemporary Saskatchewan Place Names, 1-894022-92-0
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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References


Further reading

  • Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
    • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Based on 1940 edition.
  • Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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External links

Template:Sister project

  • National Diet Library
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Political offices
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Minister of War
Dec 1885 – May 1891 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Minister of War
Aug 1892 – Sept 1896 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
Apr 1915 – Dec 1916 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Military offices
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Commander, Second Army
September 1894 - May 1895 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Commander-in-Chief, Japanese Manchurian Army
June 1904 -October 1905 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Chief of Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
Sept 1882 – Feb 1884 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Chief of Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
May 1899 – June 1904 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Chief of Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
Dec 1905 – Apr 1906 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by

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