Gracilaria

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Gracilaria, also known as irish moss or ogonori,[1] is a genus of red algae in the family Gracilariaceae. It is notable for its economic importance as an agarophyte meaning that it is used to make agar, as well as its use as a food for humans and various species of shellfish. Various species in the genus are cultivated among Asia, South America, Africa and Oceania. They produce over 90% of the world's agar.[1]

Taxonomy

Gracilaria contains the following subtaxa:[2]

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Distribution

Gracilaria are found in warm waters throughout the world, though they also occur seasonally in temperate waters. It can not tolerate temperatures below Script error: No such module "convert"..Template:Clarification needed Gracilaria are found in all oceans except the Arctic. Their center of diversity is the Western Pacific, where they have been traditionally cultivated as a source of agar.[3][4]

Use

File:Ogo.jpg
Ogonori
File:Kkosiraegi-muchim.jpg
Kkosiraegi-muchim (seasoned gracilaria)

Gracilaria is used as a food in Filipino, Hawaiian, Japanese, Korean and Sri Lankan cuisines.[5][6] In Japanese cuisine, it is called ogonori or ogo, and used to make tokoroten. In the Philippines, it is called gulaman and used to make a gelatin substitute.[7] In Jamaica, it is known as Irish moss.[8] In Korea, it is known as kkosiraegi.

Gracilaria oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization 6 prepared by agarase digestion from agar-bearing Gracilaria sp. polysaccharides have been shown to be an effective prophylactic agent during in vitro and in vivo experiments against Japanese encephalitis viral infection. The sulfated oligosaccharides from Gracilaria sp. seem to be promising candidates for further development as antiviral agents.[9]

In the Philippines, Gracilaria have been harvested and used as food for centuries, eaten both fresh or sun-dried and turned into jellies. The earliest historical attestation is from the Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1754) by the Jesuit priests Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlucar, where golaman or gulaman was defined as "una yerva, de que se haze conserva a modo de Halea, naze en la mar" ("an herb, from which a jam-like preserve is made, grows in the sea"), with an additional entry for guinolaman to refer to food made with the jelly.[10][11]

In Japan, Gracilaria has been used to produce funori (Script error: No such module "Lang".), an agar-based glue, since the 17th century.[12]

In Sri Lanka, Gracilaria has been used to make a seaweed soup that also incorporates coconut cream and lime.[6] It is also used to create seaweed jelly, a local sweetmeat in the Puttalam District of northwestern Sri Lanka.[6]

Irish moss has long been used as a clarifying agent during the brewing of beer, especially among home brewers, as an alternative to mechanical filtering.[13]

Gracilaria tikvahiae has been used as a model species to determine how well seaweed could be used as a resilient food in sun-blocking scenarios like nuclear winter.[14]

Aquarium trade

Gracilaria commonly appears as a macroalgae for sale in the aquarium trade. It is highly palatable to tangs[15] and many other herbivorous fish, and its nutrient uptake ability makes it a suitable choice for a refugium.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Ecology

Gracilaria are susceptible to infection by the parasitic oomycete Pythium porphyrae.[16] Reproduction by Gracilaria gracilis is supported by Idotea balthica – the first known case of an animal helping algae reproduce.[17][18]

References

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  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 17 September 2021. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=14 ; searched on 03 August 2022
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Kyaw, Aye, The Production of Gracilaria eduli in Burma, Report of the Training Course on Gracilaria Algae, Manila, Philippines, 1–30 April 1981, accessed 27 April 2013
  6. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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External links

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