Not Guilty (song)

Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other "Not Guilty" is a song by English rock musician George Harrison from his 1979 album George Harrison. He wrote the song in 1968 following the Beatles' Transcendental Meditation course in India with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, an activity that he had led the group into undertaking. The lyrics serve as a response to the recrimination Harrison received from his bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney in the aftermath to the group's public falling out with the Maharishi, and as the Beatles launched their multimedia company Apple Corps. The band recorded the song amid the tensions that characterised the sessions for their 1968 double LP The Beatles (also known as the "White Album"). The track was completed in August 1968 but not included on the release.

Harrison revisited "Not Guilty" in early 1978, shortly after participating in the Rutles' television satire of the Beatles' history, All You Need Is Cash. In contrast to the atmosphere surrounding the song's creation, this period was one of personal contentment for Harrison, who enjoyed the opportunity to debunk the myths surrounding his former band. The musical arrangement similarly differs in mood from the 1968 version; where the latter features distorted electric guitars and harpsichord, Harrison's version reflects his adoption of a mellow jazz-pop style. The other musicians on the recording include Neil Larsen and Willie Weeks.

"Not Guilty" was known to be a Beatles outtake but the song was unheard by the public until the release of Harrison's 1979 album. The Beatles' version continued to be the subject of speculation among collectors. An edit of the band's recording was prepared for the aborted Sessions album in 1984 and became available on bootlegs before its official release on the Beatles' Anthology 3 outtakes compilation in 1996. The full version of the track, together with Harrison's May 1968 demo of the song, appears on the 50th Anniversary Edition box-set release of The Beatles. Template:TOC limit

Background and inspiration

File:Rishikesh view across bridge.jpg

View of Rishikesh and the Ganges. When writing "Not Guilty", Harrison addressed the divisive atmosphere within the Beatles following their return from India in 1968.

George Harrison wrote "Not Guilty" in 1968 following the Beatles' highly publicised spiritual retreat in Rishikesh, India, where they studied Transcendental Meditation under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.Template:Sfn Harrison had led the Beatles' interest in meditation and Indian culture,Template:Sfn influencing their audience and musical peers,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn but the band's falling out with the Maharishi in April 1968 became the source of public embarrassment. Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney had each left the ashram early and returned to England, with McCartney more interested in attending to the band's new Apple Corps business venture.Template:Sfn Harrison and John Lennon stayed on, only to then depart hurriedly after hearing of alleged impropriety between the Maharishi and a female student.Template:Sfn The Rishikesh sojourn was the Beatles' last extracurricular activity as a groupTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn and was followed by a divergence of opinion between Lennon, McCartney and Harrison that lasted until the band's break-up in April 1970.Template:Sfn In his 1980 autobiography, I, Me, Mine, Harrison says that "Not Guilty" addresses "Paul-John-Apple-Rishikesh-Indian friends, etc."Template:Sfn

Rather than return to England with Lennon, Harrison extended his time away by visiting his mentor Ravi Shankar in Madras.Template:Sfn When he returned to London in late April,Template:Sfn according to Apple press officer Derek Taylor, Harrison "reacted with real horror" at the extravagance of Apple's operation.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The company had taken out print advertisements inviting any budding artist to submit their creative ideas.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The London offices were inundated with submissions, almost all of which were ignored,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn along with crowds of eccentrics responding to the Beatles' invitation.Template:SfnTemplate:Refn In a 1987 interview with Timothy White for Musician magazine, Harrison referred to "the grief I was catching" from Lennon and McCartney post-India. He explained the message behind the song: "I said I wasn't guilty of getting in the way of their career. I said I wasn't guilty of leading them astray in our going to Rishikesh to see the Maharishi. I was sticking up for myself …"Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The Rishikesh sojourn also resulted in Harrison's emergence as a prolific songwriter.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn "Not Guilty" was one of several guitar-based compositions from this period, coinciding with Harrison's re-engagement with his main instrument after two years of dedicated sitar study under Shankar.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The full extent of this productivity was hidden until his 1970 solo album, All Things Must Pass, however,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn as Lennon and McCartney continued to dominate the Beatles' songwriting.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In author Peter Doggett's description, the band's stay in Rishikesh marked the end of a period when Harrison's championing of Indian culture had guided the Beatles' musical and philosophical direction. He adds that the "old balance of power was uneasily resumed", as Harrison had to push to have his songs included on the group's albums, and Lennon, further to their self-produced 1967 TV film Magical Mystery Tour, continued to resent McCartney's attempts to manage their career.

Composition

The key of "Not Guilty" is E minor.Template:Sfn It contains combined verse and choruses;Template:Sfn each of the three verse-chorus sections begins and ends with the song's title phrase.Template:Sfn The composition includes a guitar riff that author Alan Clayson views as distinctive and "low-down", and closes with an instrumental coda.Template:Sfn It also features syncopation,Template:Sfn half-bars, and, on the Beatles recording, a guitar solo followed by a change in time signature from 4/4 to six bars in 3/8.Template:Sfn

Musicologist Walter Everett highlights the song's musical form as an example of "the composer's typically outlandish chord juxtapositions", which in this case reveals "a new level of sophistication similar to jazz methodology". He says that while E minor is the main key, A minor is tonicised in the start of the verses and is further suggested with a surprising G–Dm8–Dm7–E7 chord sequence. Following the final chord in that sequence, he hears the Gm chord as "confident and loudly protesting", and contextually derived via an "unprecedented use of mixture from the Phrygian mode (thus the chord's BTemplate:Music [note]) into A pentatonic minor".Template:SfnTemplate:Refn

"Not Guilty" follows Harrison's 1967 song "Only a Northern Song" as a statement of his dissatisfaction in the Beatles.Template:Sfn Everett describes the lyrics as a "defense against the tyranny of his songwriting comrades".Template:Sfn Harrison refers to his bandmates as seeking to "steal the day"; he recognises his place and vows not to "[get] underneath your feet".Template:Sfn In the third verse, he promises not to "upset the Apple cart", as "I only want what I can get".Template:Sfn With regard to Rishikesh and the Maharishi, he denies any responsibility for the others' disappointment with the experience.Template:Sfn He denies leading the group "astray on the road to Mandalay"Template:Sfn and "making friends with every Sikh".Template:Sfn

Beatles version

Esher demo

In May 1968, Harrison taped an acoustic demo of the song at his home, Kinfauns in Esher.Template:Sfn This and other demos of the band's new material were part of their preparation for recording the double LP The Beatles, also known as the "White Album".Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn On the tapes, the song follows a group performance of Harrison's tribute to meditation, "Sour Milk Sea", after which he refers to "Not Guilty" as "a jazz number" that would make "a good rocker".Template:Sfn Having long been available on bootleg compilations, the Esher demo was issued in 2018 on the White Album's 50th Anniversary box set.

Studio recording

Basic track

The Beatles recorded "Not Guilty" at EMI Studios (now Abbey Road Studios) in London in August 1968.Template:Sfn The recording was produced by George Martin and engineered by Ken Scott.Template:Sfn The song was difficult to learn due to its time signature changes.Template:Sfn During the first 18 takes on 7 August, the band focused only on the introduction, before going on to tape a further 27 takes that night. On 8 August, they first attended to a technical problem on the recording of their forthcoming single, "Hey Jude", and then resumed work on "Not Guilty".Template:Sfn The group recorded a total of 101 takes over the two sessions, although only 21 of these attempts were complete performances, before settling on take 99 as a satisfactory basic track.Template:Sfn

Initial takes included keyboard accompaniment from an electric piano,Template:Sfn but this was replaced by a harpsichord for the 8 August session.Template:Sfn The instruments used on the basic track were therefore electric guitar, harpsichord, bass and drums.Template:Sfn Although author Ian MacDonald says Harrison or Lennon played the harpsichord part,Template:Sfn Everett credits Lennon, who also played the instrument on "All You Need Is Love" the previous year.Template:SfnTemplate:Refn The recording marked the first time that Harrison used his Gibson Les Paul guitar known as "Lucy", which was a gift from his friend Eric Clapton.Template:Sfn

Overdubs

The band recorded overdubs onto take 99 on 9 August,Template:Sfn with Starr adding further drums and McCartney augmenting his bass part.Template:Sfn Much of the six-and-a-half-hour session was dedicated to Harrison's lead guitar part; for this, he chose to play in the control room while his amplifier was recorded in an echo chamber.Template:Sfn On 12 August, Harrison overdubbed his lead vocal, trying different areas of the studio in an effort to achieve the sound he was after. He again settled on the control roomTemplate:Sfn with, in Scott's description, "everything coming back through the speakers to give it more of a live theater-type feel or club feel". Lennon and McCartney experimented with harmony vocals on some parts of the song, but Harrison was unsatisfied.Template:Sfn Scott told journalist Marshall Terrill in 2012 that the recording was problematic because "George wasn't feeling it. It was his song and he wasn't feeling it. He could not get a vocal that he was happy with. He couldn't get even into sort of the mood of singing it, that's why we tried different ways of him singing it …"Template:Refn

Harrison then spent more time recording guitar at live performance levels. A mono mix, titled RM1, of the completed track was carried out that same day.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In the description of Guitar WorldTemplate:'s editors, Harrison's playing on the song has a "sinewy" quality and a "sizzling tone" made more effective by being performed at full volume. Author Simon Leng writes that the recording "might have passed for grunge", with its "phased vocals and ... pseudo-harpsichord under attack from George's heavily distorted guitars and fierce riff". He adds that the lead guitar is "spiky-rough in a way Harrison would rarely approach again".Template:Sfn Following his pioneering backwards-recorded guitar solo on "I'm Only Sleeping", in 1966,Template:Sfn Harrison's use of reverse echo-chamber effect on "Not Guilty" marked the last time the Beatles used backwards audio on one of their recordings.Template:Sfn

MacDonald cites "Not Guilty" as an example of how Harrison's contributions to the White Album were "stymied" by the divisive atmosphere that characterised the sessions, which included a lack of collaboration between the band members.Template:Sfn After Harrison departed for a short holiday in Greece,Template:Sfn the other Beatles resumed recording on 20 August with tensions running high;Template:Sfn Lennon and Starr completed overdubs on "Yer Blues" in one studio while McCartney recorded "Mother Nature's Son" alone in another.Template:Sfn Two days later, by which point Harrison had returned to London, the acrimony that had been building within the group led to Starr walking out, intent on quitting the Beatles.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Exclusion from the White Album

According to Everett, "Not Guilty" was one of the last songs to be cut from the final running order of The Beatles.Template:Sfn When announcing the release on 26 October, the NME listed "Not Guilty" among the possible tracks; Mal Evans, the Beatles' longtime aide, then wrote in the band's official fan magazine that it would not appear on the double album.Template:Sfn Lennon admired the composition initially,Template:Sfn but in Leng's view, with its "barbs about the Beatles", the song "was just a little too candid in airing the band's dirty laundry".Template:SfnTemplate:Refn Music journalist Mikal Gilmore similarly says that its exclusion was "perhaps because it was apparent to everybody that Harrison had aimed the song at Lennon and McCartney".Template:Sfn

In its three-part study of the 1968 double album, in 2008, Goldmine magazine commented that the song's exclusion has long been one of the points of debate regarding the White Album. The writers said that some listeners find the content of the set "exquisitely balanced", while others contend that the Beatles "really should have added 'Not Guilty' to the brew". Increasingly marginalised from the Beatles' creative decision-making in 1968,Template:Sfn Martin had favoured paring down the double LP to a single disc.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Everett offers a 15-song running order in keeping with the producer's typical "preferences and constraints", in which he contends that Martin would have selected "Not Guilty", along with the Harrison compositions "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" and "Long, Long, Long".Template:Sfn

The final take, numbered 102 (a reduction mix of take 99),Template:Sfn was edited and remixed by Geoff Emerick in 1984 for the aborted Sessions album.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn After Harrison and McCartney filed affidavits criticising the "quality of the work", one of EMI's in-house cassettes of the Sessions recordings found its way to bootleggers, resulting in the Ultra Rare Trax bootlegs.Template:Sfn "Not Guilty" appeared on the third volume in the Ultra Rare Trax series. It was officially released on Apple's outtakes compilation Anthology 3 in October 1996.Template:Sfn Author and critic Richie Unterberger describes the Anthology 3 version of "Not Guilty" as a "bastardization" due to the editing out of a mid-song guitar solo and other features from the 1968 stereo mix. He adds that this treatment is "more roundly castigated than almost any other of the Anthology reconstructions".Template:SfnTemplate:Refn The unedited version of the track appears on the 50th Anniversary box set of the White Album.

George Harrison recording

According to author Robert Rodriguez, "Not Guilty" was "much-fabled" among Beatles fans by the late 1970s, since the song was known as a White Album outtake but had never been heard publicly.Template:SfnTemplate:Refn In their respective books on the Beatles published at that time, Nicholas Schaffner paired it with Lennon's "What's the New Mary Jane" as completed recordings that were known to have been left off the White Album,Template:Sfn while Harry Castleman and Walter Podrazik wrote that, as far as collectors were aware, Harrison had taped "Not Guilty" with Clapton in summer 1968 before the Beatles attempted to record the song in March 1969.Template:Sfn

In early 1978, while gathering song manuscripts for I, Me, Mine, Harrison rediscovered his Kinfauns demo of "Not Guilty".Template:Sfn He decided to record the song again for what became his 1979 album George Harrison.Template:Sfn At this time, he also revisited "Circles",Template:Sfn another song he had demoed in Esher before the Beatles began recording the White Album,Template:Sfn and he wrote "Here Comes the Moon" as a sequel to his 1969 Abbey Road composition "Here Comes the Sun".Template:Sfn

The sessions took place between April and October 1978,Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Refn and coincided with a period of domestic contentment for Harrison,Template:Sfn during which he married his partner Olivia Arias and become a father for the first time, to son Dhani.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In addition, Harrison had enjoyed participating in the Rutles' recent spoof of the Beatles' history, All You Need Is Cash, a film project that allowed him to debunk the myths that surrounded his former band.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Refn Harrison allowed his spiritual preoccupations to be satirised in the film as, following the Rutles' break-up, his character, Stig O'Hara, withdraws from the limelight to become a female flight attendant with Air India.Template:Sfn Building on his reputation as the "Quiet Beatle", the identity of the alleged dead band member in the Paul is dead conspiracy theory was transferred to Stig,Template:Sfn as the clues include the fact that he had not spoken since 1966.Template:Refn

Harrison recorded "Not Guilty" at his home studio, FPSHOT, in Henley, Oxfordshire,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn with Neil Larsen, Stevie Winwood, Willie Weeks and Andy Newmark among the backing musicians.Template:Sfn Larsen played Rhodes piano, which serves as the main feature of the track,Template:Sfn while Harrison exchanged the electric guitar arrangement from 1968 with acoustic parts.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The recording also omits the section in 3/8 time, which had caused difficulty during the Beatles' attempts ten years before.Template:Sfn Its mellow jazz arrangement ends with interplay between Harrison's scat singing and Weeks's bass.Template:Sfn George Harrison was scheduled for release in December but an issue with the artwork delayed the process.Template:Sfn On 15 December, Harrison accompanied Starr to the re-opening of the Star-Club in Hamburg,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn where the Beatles had regularly performed before achieving fame in 1963.Template:Sfn

Harrison produced the track with Russ Titelman, a Warner Bros. Records staff producer whose other projects included the self-titled debut album by Rickie Lee Jones.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Leng views Harrison's remake as typical of the singer's frame of mind on George Harrison, writing: "In complete contrast [to the Beatles' version], the 1979 reproduction is all shimmering cool and acoustic sea spray – here is a man looking back on events rather than being caught up in their heat."Template:Sfn Leng describes the musical mood on the track as "a loose version of the Rickie Lee Jones or Paul Simon jazz-pop sound, dominated by phased electric piano and breathy vocals".Template:Sfn

Release and reception

We recorded it [in 1968] but we didn't get it down right or something ... The lyrics are a bit passé – all about upsetting "Apple carts" and stuff – but it's a bit about what was happening at the time ... the Maharishi and going to the Himalayas and all that was said about that. I like the tune a lot; it would make a great tune for Peggy Lee or someone.

– George Harrison to Rolling Stone, 1979

George Harrison was released on Dark Horse Records on 20 February 1979.Template:Sfn "Not Guilty" appeared as the second track, sequenced between with "Love Comes to Everyone" and "Here Comes the Moon".Template:Sfn The song was of particular interest to Harrison's audience, due to its reputation as a lost Beatles track.Template:Sfn Harrison carried out limited promotion for the album,Template:Sfn during which the speculation surrounding a possible Beatles reunion was a regular theme put forward by members of the media.Template:Sfn At his press conference in Los Angeles, he suggested the former bandmates could meet for a cup of tea and televise the proceedings via satellite.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He also denied that "Not Guilty" was aimed purely at McCartney, saying: "No, it's just about that period in 1968 ... there's a lot of comedy in it. You just have to look for it."Template:SfnTemplate:Refn

Peter Doggett writes that, in the context of its release, eleven years after the events of 1968, the song "gently satirised the global obsession with the past, and specifically the era that the Beatles allegedly epitomised".Template:Sfn Doggett adds that although Harrison distanced himself from Beatles nostalgia in his promotional activities, he shared the public's interest in what Lennon might be doing during the latter's fourth year as a house-husband and stay-at-home father.Template:Sfn In his Rolling Stone interview at this time, Harrison commented that he had not seen Lennon in the last two years and, after the recent changes in his own life, he understood his former bandmate's decision to remain out of the limelight.Template:SfnTemplate:Refn

The album received favourable reviews,Template:Sfn particularly in the UK, where it was Harrison's best-received work since the early 1970s.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Harry George of the NME welcomed the inclusion of "Not Guilty", saying "No Beatle who could take part in All You Need Is Cash can be all bad", and assumed that the reference to upsetting the "Apple cart" was a line from the Rutles.Template:Refn He described the song as a "tense soft-shoe shuffle", highlighting Larsen's electric piano, Weeks's "serpentine bass", and Harrison lyrics that offered "wit and composure" rather than "the whining defensiveness of yore". Writing in Melody Maker in 1979, E.J. Thribb also approved of Harrison's openness to being the target of Eric Idle's satire in the Rutles film. He named "Not Guilty" among the album's three most enjoyable songs, along with "Love Comes to Everyone" and "Blow Away", saying: "The chords roll and tumble, the melodies are good to chant, and the lyrics are simple but tell their story."

Personnel

Beatles version

According to Walter Everett:Template:Sfn

• George Harrison – vocals, lead and rhythm guitars
• John Lennon – harpsichord
• Paul McCartney – bass
• Ringo Starr – drums

George Harrison version

According to Simon Leng:Template:Sfn

• George Harrison – vocals, acoustic guitars
• Neil Larsen – electric piano
• Steve Winwood – keyboards
• Willie Weeks – bass
• Andy Newmark – drums
• Ray Cooper – conga

External links

• George Harrison – "Not Guilty" (Remastered 2004) on YouTube