Nauruan language

File:WIKITONGUES- Siro speaking Nauruan.webm

A Nauruan speaker, recorded in Taiwan.

Nauruan or Nauru (Template:Langx) is an Austronesian language, spoken natively in the island country of Nauru. Its relationship to the other Micronesian languages is not well understood.

The Nauruan language is one of the languages that does not exist yet in Google Translate.

Phonology

Consonants

Nauruan has 16–17 consonant phonemes. Nauruan makes phonemic contrasts between velarized and palatalized labial consonants. Velarization is not apparent before long back vowels and palatalization is not apparent before non-low front vowels.

Consonant phonemes

		Bilabial		Dental	Dorsal
		palatalized	velarized		Palatal	post-velar	labial
Nasal		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Stop	voiceless	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	voiced	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative					Template:IPA link		(Template:IPA link)
Approximant					Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Rhotic				Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

Voiceless stops are geminated and nasals also contrast in length. Dental stops Template:IPAslink and Template:IPAslink become Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink respectively before high front vowels.

The approximants become fricatives in "emphatic pronunciation." Template:Harvcoltxt transcribes them as Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA but also remarks that they contrast with the non-syllabic allophones of the high vowels. Template:IPAslink can also be heard as a fricative Template:IPAblink.

Depending on stress, Template:IPAslink may be a flap or a trill. The precise phonetic nature of Template:IPAslink is unknown. Template:Harvcoltxt transcribes it as Template:Angbr IPA and speculates that it may pattern like palatalized consonants and be partially devoiced.

Between a vowel and word-final Template:IPAslink, an epenthetic Template:IPAblink appears.

Vowels

There are 12 phonemic vowels (six long, six short). In addition to the allophony in the following table from Template:Harvcoltxt, a number of vowels reduce to :

Phoneme	Allophones	Phoneme	Allophones

Non-open vowels (that is, all but ) become non-syllabic when preceding another vowel, as in → ('hide').

Stress

Stress is on the penultimate syllable when the final syllable ends in a vowel, on the last syllable when it ends in a consonant, and initial with reduplications.

Writing system

In the original writing system for Nauruan, 17 letters were used:

• The five vowels: a, e, i, o, u
• Twelve consonants: b, d, g, j, k, m, n, p, q, r, t, w

The letters c, f, h, l, s, v, x, y, and z were not included. With the growing influence of foreign languages, in particular German, English, Gilbertese, and part of the Pama-Nyungan family, more letters were incorporated into the Nauruan alphabet. In addition, phonetic differences of a few vowels arose, so that umlauts and other similar sounds were indicated with a tilde.

Attempt at language reform of 1938

In 1938, there was an attempt by the Nauruan language committee and Timothy Detudamo to make the language easier to read for Europeans and Americans. It was intended to introduce as many diacritical symbols as possible for the different vowel sounds to state the variety of the Nauruan languageTemplate:Clarify in writing. It was decided to introduce only a circumflex accent in the place of the former tilde, so that the characters "õ" and "ũ" were replaced by "ô" and "û". The "ã" was replaced with "e".

Also, "y" was introduced in order to differentiate words with the English "j" (). Thus, words like were changed to . In addition, "ñ" (which represented the velar nasal) was replaced with "ng", to avoid confusion with the Spanish Ñ. "bu" and "qu" were replaced with "bw" and "kw", respectively. "ts" was replaced with "j" (since it represented a sound similar to the English "j"); and the "w" written at the end of words was dropped.

These reforms were only partly carried out: the symbols "õ" and "ũ" are still written as such, with tildes. However, the letters "ã" and "ñ" are now only seldom used, being replaced with "e" and "ng", as prescribed by the reform. Likewise, use of the digraphs "bw" and "kw" has been implemented. Although "j" took the place of "ts", certain spellings still use "ts": e.g., the districts Baiti and Ijuw (according to the reform and ) are still written with the old writing conventions. The "y" has become generally accepted.

Today the following 30 Latin letters are used.

• Vowels: a, ã, e, i, o, õ, u, ũ
• Consonants: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z

The relationship of the above letters and phonemes is:Template:Better source needed a [ɑ/a], ã [ɛ], e [e/e̞/ɛ], i [i/ɪ/ɨ], o [o/ɔ], õ [ø], u [ʊ/ʉ], ũ [y], b [b], bw [b͡w], c [k/s], d [d], di [ʤi], f [f], g [g], gw [g͡w], h [h], j [ʤ̊], k [k], kw [k͡w], nng [ŋː], l [l], m [m], n [n], ñ [ŋ], p [p], qu [k͡w], r [ɾ/r], s [s], t [t], ti [ʧi], ts [ʤ̊], v [f/v], w [w/ɣ], x [k͡s], y [j/ʝ], z [z].

Dialects

According to a report published in 1937 in Sydney, Australia, there was a diversity of dialects until Nauru became a colony of Germany in 1888 and the first texts in Nauruan began to be published. The varieties were so divergent that people from different districts often had problems understanding each other completely. With the increasing influence of foreign languages and the rise in the number of Nauruan texts, the dialects blended into a standardized language, which was promoted through dictionaries and translations by Alois Kayser and Philip Delaporte.

Today there is significantly less dialectal variation. In the district of Yaren and the surrounding area there is an eponymous dialect spoken, which is only slightly different from other varieties.

Delaporte's Nauruan dictionary

In 1907, Philip Delaporte published his pocket German-Nauruan dictionary. [1] The dictionary is small (10.5 × 14 cm), with 65 pages devoted to the glossary and an additional dozen to phrases, arranged alphabetically by the German. Approximately 1650 German words are glossed in Nauruan, often by phrases or synonymous forms. There are some 1300 'unique' Nauruan forms in the glosses, including all those occurring in phrases, ignoring diacritical marks. The accents used there are not common; just one accent (the tilde) is in use today.

Sample text

The following example of text is from the Bible (Genesis, 1.1–1.8):

^{1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8}

This text demonstrates a few of the German loanwords (e.g. , "God"; and , "celestial sphere") in Nauruan, which is traced back to the strong influence of German missionaries.

Phrases

Nauruan	English
	night
	day
	ancestor
	hello/greeting/welcome
	water
	Earth; celestial sphere
	God
	heaven
	light
	peace
	darkness
	beginning
	goodbye
/mo awe？	How are you?

Bibliography

• "Nauru Grammar", by Alois Kayser compiled (1936); distributed by the German embassy 1993, Template:ISBN

Further reading

• Template:Cite thesis

External links

• Nauruan Wiktionary