National poet

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File:Grave of James Clarence Mangan.jpg
Tomb of James Clarence Mangan, with legend describing him as "Ireland's national poet"

A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture.[1] The national poet as culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished from successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointed poet-laureate office. The idea and honoring of national poets emerged primarily during Romanticism, as a figure that helped consolidation of the nation states, as it provided validation of their ethno-linguistic groups.[1]

Most national poets are historic figures, though a few contemporary writers working in relatively new or revived national literatures are also considered "national poets". Though not formally elected, national poets play a role in shaping a country's understanding of itself.[2] Some nations may have more than one national poet; the idea of a single one is always a simplification. It has been argued that a national poet "must write poetry that closely identifies with the nation's cause – or is thought to do so",[3] with an additional assumption being that "a national poet must write in a national language".[4]

The following is a list of nations, with their associated national poets. It is not a list of sovereign states or countries, though many of the nations listed may also be such. The terms "nation" (as cultural concept), "country" (as geographical concept) and "state" (as political concept) are not synonyms.

Africa

File:Hadrawi.jpg
Hadrawi of Somalia
Country or Territory Poet Template:Refh
Template:Country data Algeria Si Mohand, Moufdi Zakaria [5][6]
Template:Country data Angola Agostinho Neto [7]
Template:Country data Burkina Faso Titinga Frédéric Pacéré [8]
Template:Country data Cape Verde Jorge Barbosa [9]
Template:Country data Democratic Republic of Congo Antoine-Roger Bolamba (J'ongungu) [when the country was known as Congo–Zaire] [10]
Template:Country data Djibouti Victor Hugo M'Gonagall [11]
Template:Country data Egypt Ahmed Shawqi [12]
Template:Country data Ethiopia Gibreab Teferi, Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin [13]
Template:Country data Ghana Atukwei Okai, Kofi Awoonor [14][15]
Template:Country data Kenya Abdilatif Abdalla [16]
Template:Country data Lesotho Thomas Mofolo [17]
Template:Country data Liberia Melvin B. Tolson [18]
Template:Country data Libya Ahmed Rafiq Almhadoui [19]
Template:Country data Madagascar Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo [20]
Template:Country data Mali Fily Dabo Sissoko [21]
Template:Country data Mauritius Léoville L'Homme [22]
Template:Country data Morocco Mohammed Awzal [23]
Template:Country data Mozambique José Craveirinha [24]
Template:Country data Namibia Mvula ya Nangolo [25]
Template:Country data Nigeria Christopher Okigbo [26][27]
Template:Country data São Tomé and Príncipe Francisco José Tenreiro, Alda Neves do Espírito Santo [28][29]
Template:Country data Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor [30]
Template:Country data Sierra Leone Davidson Nicol [31]
Template:Country data Somalia Hadrawi [32]
Template:Country data South Africa S. E. K. Mqhayi [33]
Template:Country data Tanzania Shaaban bin Robert [34]
Template:Country data Tunisia Aboul-Qacem Echebbi [35][36]
Template:Country data Western Sahara Zaim Allal [37]

Asia

Country (or region) Poet Template:Refh
Template:Country data Afghanistan Rumi, Khushal Khattak [38][39]
Template:Country data Bangladesh Kazi Nazrul Islam [40][41]
Template:Country data China Du Fu, Li Bai [42][43][44]
Template:Country data Cambodia Preah Botumthera Som [45]
Template:Country data India Rabindranath Tagore, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Maithili Sharan Gupt, Subramania Bharati, Kalidasa [46][47][48][49][50]
Template:Country data Indonesia Chairil Anwar, Sapardi Djoko Damono [51][52][53]
Template:Country data Iran Ferdowsi, Rumi, Hafez, Attar of Nishapur, Omar Khayyám, Saadi Shirazi, Nizami Ganjavi, Rudaki, Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar, Mohammad-Taqi Bahar,Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, Aref Qazvini, Ahmad Shamlou, Parvin E'tesami [54][55][56]
Template:Country data Iraq Muthaffar al-Nawab, Al-Mutanabbi, Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri [57][58][59]
Template:Country data Israel Yehuda Amichai, Hayim Nahman Bialik, Natan Alterman ,[60][61][62]
Template:Country data Japan Matsuo Bashō, Lafcadio Hearn, Tanikawa Shuntaro, Ishikawa Takuboku [63][64][65]
Template:Country data Jordan Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal [66]
Template:Country data Kazakhstan Abai Qunanbaiuli [67]
File:Unification flag of Korea.svg Korea Cho Ki-chon, Yun Dongju, Han Yong-un, Park Mok-wol, Jeong Cheol [68][69]
Template:Country data Kurdistan Hemin Mukriyani, Sherko Bekas, Abdurrahman Sharafkandi, Ehmedê Xanî [70][71][72][73]
Template:Country data Kyrgyzstan Toktogul Satylganov [74]
Template:Country data Lebanon Kahlil Gibran, Said Akl [75][76]
Template:Country data Malaysia Usman Awang [77]
Template:Country data Mongolia Ochirbatyn Dashbalbar, Dulduityn Danzanravjaa, Dashdorjiin Natsagdorj, Byambyn Rinchen, Hadaa Sendoo [78][79][80][81][82]
Template:Country data Myanmar Min Thu Wun [83]
Template:Country data Nepal Madhav Prasad Ghimire [84]
Template:Country data Pakistan Allama Muhammad Iqbal [85]
Template:Country data Palestine Mahmoud Darwish [86]
Template:Country data Philippines Francisco Balagtas [87]
Template:Country data Sri Lanka Parakrama Kodituwakku [88]
Template:Country data Syria Nizar Qabbani [89]
Template:Country data Taiwan Yang Mu, Yu Youren [90][91]
Template:Country data Tajikistan Sadriddin Ayni, Bozor Sobir, Mirzo Tursunzoda Rudaki, Rumi, Gulnazar Keldi [92][93][94][95][96][97][98]
Template:Country data Thailand Sunthorn Phu [99][100]
Template:Country data Tibet Tsering Woeser [101]
Template:Country data Turkey Rumi, Nâzım Hikmet, Ziya Gökalp, Mehmet Âkif Ersoy [55][102][103][104]
Template:Country data Turkmenistan Magtymguly Pyragy [105]
Template:Country data Uzbekistan Ali-Shir Nava'i, Abdulla Oripov, Erkin Vohidov, Gʻafur Gʻulom, Mirtemir [106]
Template:Country data Vietnam Nguyễn Du, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Hồ Xuân Hương [107][108][109]
Template:Country data Yemen Abdullah Al-Baradouni, Waddah al-Yaman [110][111]

Europe

Country (or region) Poet Template:Refh
Template:Country data Albania Gjergj Fishta, Naim Frashëri [112][113]
Template:Country data Abkhazia Dmitry Gulia [114]
Template:Country data Armenia Hovhannes Tumanyan, Sayat-Nova, Yeghishe Charents [115][116][117]
Template:Country data Austria Franz Grillparzer, Johann Nepomuk Nestroy, Georg Trakl, Rainer Maria Rilke [118][119][120]
Template:Country data Azerbaijan Nizami Ganjavi, Fuzûlî, Imadaddin Nasimi, Samad Vurgun [121][122][123]
Template:Country data Bashkortostan Rami Garipov, Mustai Karim [124][125][126]
Template:Country data Basque Country Bernard Etxepare [127]
Template:Country data Belarus Yanka Kupala, Yakub Kolas [128][129]
Template:Country data Belgium Emile Verhaeren, Maurice Maeterlinck [130][131]
Template:Country data Catalonia Ausiàs March, Jacint Verdaguer [132][133]
Template:Country data Chechnya Ismail Kerimov [134]
Template:Country data Bosnia and Herzegovina Abdulah Sidran, Mak Dizdar, Izet Sarajlić [135][136]
Template:Country data Brittany Théodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué [137]
Template:Country data Bulgaria Hristo Botev, Ivan Vazov [138][139]
Template:Country data Carpathian Ruthenia Alexander Dukhnovych [140]
Template:Country data Croatia Marko Marulić, Ivan Gundulić [141]
Template:Country data Cyprus Vasilis Michaelides [142]
Template:Country data Czech Republic (Czech lands) Karel Hynek Mácha, Jan Neruda [143][144]
Template:Country data Dagestan Rasul Gamzatov [145]
Template:Country data Denmark Adam Oehlenschläger, Hans Christian Andersen, Søren Kierkegaard, N. F. S. Grundtvig [146][147][148]
Template:Country data Faroe Islands William Heinesen, Nólsoyar Páll, Mikkjal á Ryggi [149][150][151]
Template:Country data England Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, William Blake, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, W. H. Auden, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Philip Larkin [152][153][154][155][156][157]
Template:Country data Estonia Kristjan Jaak Peterson, Lydia Koidula [158][159]
Template:Country data Finland Eino Leino, Elias Lönnrot, Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Edith Södergran [160][161][162]
Template:Country data Flanders Émile Verhaeren, Hendrik Conscience, Guido Gezelle, Hugo Claus [130]
Template:Country data Friesland Gysbert Japicx (or Japiks) [163]
Template:Country data France Charles Baudelaire, Victor Hugo, Arthur Rimbaud [164][165]
Template:Country data Galicia Rosalía de Castro, Ramón Cabanillas [166][167]
Template:Country data Georgia Shota Rustaveli [168]
Template:Country data Germany Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich von Schiller, Heinrich Heine, Bertolt Brecht, Friedrich Hölderlin, Novalis, Friedrich Nietzsche, Hermann Hesse, Stefan George [169][170][171][172][173][174]
Template:Country data Greece Homer, Sappho, Pindar, Solon, Dionysios Solomos [175][176][177]
Template:Country data Guernsey George Métivier [178]
Template:Country data Hungary Sándor Petőfi, János Arany [179][180]
Template:Country data Iceland Jónas Hallgrímsson, Hallgrímur Pétursson [181][182]
Template:Country data Ireland Thomas Moore, William Butler Yeats, Seamus Heaney, Patrick Pearse [183][184][185][186][187][188]
Template:Country data Isle of Man T. E. Brown [189]
Template:Country data Italy Ovid, Virgil, Horace, Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Giosuè Carducci, Giacomo Leopardi, Ugo Foscolo, Gabriele D'Annunzio [190][191][192][193][194][195][196]
Template:Country data Jersey Wace [197]
Template:Country data Kosovo Ali Podrimja [198]
Template:Country data Latvia Rainis, Andrejs Pumpurs [199][200]
Template:Country data Lithuania Kristijonas Donelaitis, Maironis, Justinas Marcinkevičius, Adomas Mickevičius [201][202][203]
Template:Country data Luxembourg Edmond de la Fontaine, Michel Lentz [204][205]
Template:Country data Malta Dun Karm Psaila [206]
Template:Country data Moldova Grigore Vieru, Mihai Eminescu [207][208]
Template:Country data Monaco Louis Notari [209]
Template:Country data Montenegro Petar II Petrović-Njegoš [143]
Template:Country data Netherlands Joost van den Vondel, Jacob Cats [210][211]
Template:Country data North Macedonia Kočo Racin [212]
Template:Country data North Ossetia-Alania Kosta Khetagurov [213]
Template:Country data Northern Cyprus Özker Yaşın [214]
Template:Country data Norway Henrik Wergeland [215]
Template:Country data Occitania Frédéric Mistral, Arnaut Daniel, Bernart de Ventadorn, Comtessa de Dia [216][217][218][219]
Template:Country data Poland Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński [220]
Template:Country data Portugal Luís de Camões, Fernando Pessoa [221][222]
Template:Country data Provence Frédéric Mistral, Comtessa de Dia [216][219]
Template:Country data Romania Mihai Eminescu [223]
Template:Country data Russia Alexander Pushkin, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, Sergei Yesenin, Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Bunin [224][225][226]
Template:Country data Sápmi Anders Fjellner [227]
Template:Country data Scotland Robert Burns, Hugh MacDiarmid [228][229]
Template:Country data Serbia Desanka Maksimović, Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, Jovan Sterija Popović, Jovan Jovanović Zmaj [230][231][232][233]
Template:Country data Slovakia Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav [234]
Template:Country data Slovenia France Prešeren [235]
Template:Country data Spain Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Federico García Lorca [1][236]
Template:Country data Styria Peter Rosegger [237]
Template:Country data Sweden Carl Michael Bellman, Gustaf Fröding, Verner von Heidenstam, Esaias Tegnér [238][239][240][241]
Template:Country data Switzerland Gottfried Keller, Carl Spitteler [242][243]
Template:Country data Tatarstan Ğabdulla Tuqay, Musa Cälil, Ravil Fayzullin, Template:Ill [244][245][246][247]
Template:Country data Turkey Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Nâzım Hikmet [248][249]
Template:Country data Ukraine Lesya Ukrainka, Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko [250][251][252]
Template:Country data Wales Dylan Thomas, Dafydd ap Gwilym [253][254]

North America

Country or Territory Poets Template:Refh
Template:Country data Barbados Kamau Brathwaite [255]
Template:Country data Canada Margaret Atwood, E. Pauline Johnson, E. J. Pratt, Al Purdy, Milton Acorn [256][257][258]
Template:Country data Costa Rica Aquileo J. Echeverría, Jorge Debravo [259][260]
Template:Country data Cuba José Martí, Lezama Lima, Agustín Acosta (1955), Nicolás Guillén (1961), Nancy Morejón (2018) [261][262][263][264][265]
Template:Country data Curaçao Pierre Lauffer [266]
Template:Country data Dominican Republic Pedro Mir [267]
Template:Country data El Salvador Roque Dalton [268]
Template:Country data Greenland Henning Jakob Henrik Lund [269]
Template:Country data Guadeloupe Guy Tirolien [270]
Template:Country data Guatemala Rafael Landívar [271]
Template:Country data Haiti Oswald Durand [272]
Template:Country data Honduras Roberto Sosa [273]
Template:Country data Jamaica Claude McKay [274]
Template:Country data Martinique Aimé Césaire [275][276]
Template:Country data Mexico Octavio Paz, Ramón López Velarde [277]
Template:Country data Nicaragua Rubén Darío [278]
Template:Country data Panama Ricardo Miró [279][280]
Template:Country data Puerto Rico Julia de Burgos, Giannina Braschi, Juan Antonio Corretjer, Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Nimia Vicéns [281][282][283][284][285]
Template:Country data Quebec Émile Nelligan, Gaston Miron, Gilles Vigneault, Octave Crémazie [286][287][288][289][290]
Template:Country data Saint Lucia Derek Walcott [291]
Template:Country data Sint Maarten Lasana M. Sekou [292][293]
Template:Country data Trinidad and Tobago E. M. Roach [294]
Template:Country data United States Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, William Carlos Williams, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Carl Sandburg, Maya Angelou, Gwendolyn Brooks, Langston Hughes, Jack Kerouac, James Wright, Allen Ginsberg [295][296][297][298][299][300][301][302]

Oceania

Country Poets Template:Refh
Template:Country data Australia Dorothea Mackellar, Mary Gilmore, Judith Wright, Henry Lawson, Adam Lindsay Gordon, A. B. "Banjo" Paterson, C.J. Dennis [303][304][305]
Template:Country data New Zealand James K. Baxter, Thomas Bracken, Allen Curnow [306]
Template:Country data Tonga Konai Helu Thaman [307]

South America

Country Poets Template:Refh
Template:Country data Argentina José Hernández, Jorge Luis Borges, Leopoldo Lugones [308]
Template:Country data Bolivia Rosendo Villalobos [309]
Template:Country data Brazil Gonçalves Dias, Olavo Bilac, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Machado de Assis [310][311][312][313]
Template:Country data Chile Pablo Neruda, Gabriela Mistral [314][315]
Template:Country data Colombia Rafael Pombo, José Asunción Silva, Álvaro Mutis [316][317]
Template:Country data Ecuador José Joaquín de Olmedo, Remigio Crespo Toral [318][319]
Template:Country data Guyana Martin Carter [320]
Template:Country data Peru César Vallejo [321]
Template:Country data Suriname Trefossa [322]
Template:Country data Uruguay Juan Zorrilla de San Martín [323]
Template:Country data Venezuela Andrés Eloy Blanco [324]

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

Template:Global Poets Laureate Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:National symbols

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