National Bank of Ukraine

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The National Bank of Ukraine (Template:Langx Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Abbr. NBU [Script error: No such module "Lang".]) is the central bank of Ukraine. Created in 1991 from the Ukrainian operations of the Soviet Gosbank, the NBU employs over 12,000 people, making it one of the largest employers in the financial sector in Ukraine. It regulates and supervises activities, functions and the legal status of public and commercial banks based on the principles of the Constitution of Ukraine and the law of Ukraine.[1]

History

File:Grivna 1.jpg
Silver hryvnia of the 11th-13th centuries

The Template:Ill (Template:Langx) was a predecessor of the NBU, founded on 22 December 1917 under a law passed by the Central Rada of the Ukrainian People's Republic on the basis of the Kyiv branch of the State Bank of the Russian Empire. It functioned under the UPR and Ukrainian State governments until it was liquidated by the Bolsheviks at the end of the Ukrainian War of Independence.

The Ukrainian branch of the Soviet Gosbank took on central banking functions in Ukraine in early 1991. Like institutions of many newly independent nations, it faced dire financial straits during the 1990s, leading to a prolonged period of hyperinflation. On 20 March 1991, the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) adopted the resolution "On Banks and Banking Activity", which became law on May 1. The resolution declared ownership by the Ukrainian SSR of the Ukrainian Republican branch of the Gosbank, which was subsequently renamed the National Bank. The same resolution simultaneously nationalized the Ukrainian Republic branch of the Soviet Promstroybank renamed Prominvestbank, the Ukrainian Republic branch of the Savings Bank of the USSR, and the Ukrainian Republic branch of the Foreign Trade Bank of the USSR as well as the Ukrainian Republic Department of cash settlement of the Soviet Gosbank.

Following the introduction of martial law on 24 February 2022, the National Bank of Ukraine took the extraordinary step of creating and promoting two separate accounts to receive donations (domestic and international) as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine: one account to support the Ukrainian military,[2][3][4] and the other account to support the general populace with humanitarian assistance.[5] On 5 March 2022, the NBU reported having raised "more than UAH 10 billion" (roughly USD $350 million) for military and humanitarian aid.[6]

Legal status and structure

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Regional branch in Odesa
File:Department of National bank of Ukraine in Dnipropetrovsk.jpg
Regional branch in Dnipro

The legal status of the National Bank of Ukraine and the principles of its organization and activities are determined by the Constitution of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine "On the National Bank of Ukraine".[7]

The National Bank of Ukraine is a legal entity with separated property, which is the object of the state property. Its authorized capital amounts to UAH 100 million and is the state-owned property which is in the full economic competence of the National Bank.[8]

According to Article 99 of the Constitution of Ukraine, adopted in 1996, the main function of the country's central bank is to ensure stability of monetary unit – the Hryvnia (Ukrainian's national currency). To carry out its main function, the National Bank shall foster the stability of the banking system and, within its competence, the price stability.

According to the Law of Ukraine "On the National Bank of Ukraine", the functions of the National Bank are:

  • Ensuring the stability of Ukrainian currency;
  • Development and implementation together with the government of an effective credit and monetary policy;
  • Implementation of monetary emission and control over monetary circulation;
  • Implementation of inter-bank settlements, including in international relations;
  • Sale of credit resources to commercial banks and lending to the government;
  • Regulation and control over the activities of commercial banks and other credit organizations;
  • Implementation of currency regulation and ensuring the convertibility of the national currency;
  • Storage and regulation of gold and currency reserves;
  • State debt management;

The National Bank of Ukraine has the power to introduce legislation in the Verkhovna Rada.[9] Resolutions of the NBU become enforceable when published on its website. Decisions of the NBU may be contested through the courts pursuant to Art.74 of the Law on the National Bank,[10] however, courts may not suspend resolutions during the investigation of appeals.

The Governor of the National Bank of Ukraine is the chief executive, while its functions are coordinated by the Council of the National Bank of Ukraine. The council consists of 15 members including the Governor of the National Bank ex officio. Seven members are appointed by the President of Ukraine and the Verkhovna Rada. The quorum of the Council is six members.[11]

Functions

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File:100 Ukrainian hryvnia in 2014 Obverse.jpg
100 Ukrainian hryvnia bill

According to the Constitution of Ukraine, the main function of the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) is to ensure the stability of Ukraine's monetary unit (the hryvnia). To carry this out, the National Bank fosters the stability of the banking system and, within its competence, price stability.

Due to Art.51 of the law on the National Bank of Ukraine, the NBU is accountable for its activities to the Verkhovna Rada (the parliament of Ukraine), the President of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.[10]

Banking supervision

As part of its central banking functions, the National Bank bears responsibility for banking regulation and supervision in Ukraine.

All registered banks in Ukraine are member of the Deposit Guarantee Fund, which provides deposit insurance up to 200.000 UAH (approx. USD $5000) per person and bank in case of insolvency. Until 2022, Oshadnybank was excluded from this fund because the Ukrainian state guaranteed its deposits directly. It joined the DGF in April 2022.

Banks are divided by the National Bank into four categories depending on their size (for intensity of banking supervision).[12]

Since 2016, the Bank's Anti-Money Laundering and Tax-Evasion Policy has required the ownership structures of banks to published.

Governors of the National Bank of Ukraine

The Governor of the National Bank of Ukraine is dismissed and appointed by the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament).[13][14] The President of Ukraine nominates a candidate before she/he can obtain a parliamentary approval.[13] The President (also) submits to the Verkhovna Rada the draft resolution on the dismissal of the Governor.[15]

The following people have served as the Governor of the National Bank since 1991:

No. Portrait Name Took office Left office
<templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />1 File:Matvienko V.P..jpg Volodymyr Matvienko 1991 1992
<templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />2 File:НДУ 2 Гетьман Вадим Петрович.jpg Vadym Hetman 1992 1992
<templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />3 File:Msc 2007-Saturday, 14.00 - 16.00 Uhr-Zwez001 Juschtschenko.jpg Viktor Yushchenko 1993 2000
<templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />4 File:Volodymyr Stelmakh (cropped).jpg Volodymyr Stelmakh 2000 2002
<templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />5 File:Сергій Тигіпко.jpg Sergiy Tigipko 2002 2004
<templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />6 File:Volodymyr Stelmakh (cropped).jpg Volodymyr Stelmakh 2004 2010
<templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />7 File:Арбузов Сергій Геннадійович.jpg Serhiy Arbuzov 2010 2012
<templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />8 Ihor Sorkin 2013 2014
<templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />9 File:Stepan Kubiv.jpg Stepan Kubiv 2014[16][17] 2014[18]
<templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />10 File:Governor of the National Bank of Ukraine Valeria Gontareva.jpg Valeriya Hontareva 2014[18][19] 2017[20] On 11 May 2017 the bank installed deputy governor Yakiv Smoliy as acting governor.[21]
<templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />11 File:Смолій Яків Васильович.jpg Yakiv Smoliy 2018[22] 2020[23] On 3 July 2020 First Deputy Governor Kateryna Rozhkova temporarily assumed Smoliy's duties.[24]
<templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />12 File:KEShevchenko 2016.jpg Kyrylo Shevchenko 2020[25] Asked for his resignation on 4 October 2022.[14][26] Dismissed by parliament two days later.[27]
<templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />13 File:National Bank of Ukraine Governor Andriy Pyshnyy in Kyiv, Ukraine on 27 February 2023 - 52742884801 (cropped).jpg Andriy Pyshnyi 2022[28] actual

Commemorative coins

The national Bank of Ukraine offers a broad scale of commemorative and bullion coins and numismatic products, which are being sold primarily (2/3 of production) by the branches of NBU and 1/3 by state banks (Oschadbank and Ukrgasbank).[29][30]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ "Procedure for Cash Transferring by Banks to Support Armed Forces of Ukraine Simplified", National Bank of Ukraine; 27 February 2022. (Accessed 2022-03-06.)
  3. ↑ "It Is Now Easier to Transfer Funds to Help Armed Forces of Ukraine", National Bank of Ukraine; 27 February 2022. (Accessed 2022-03-06.)
  4. ↑ "NBU Opens Special Account to Raise Funds for Ukraine’s Armed Forces (updated)", National Bank of Ukraine; 01 March 2022. (Accessed 2022-03-06.)
  5. ↑ "Very Easy to Donate Funds to Help Ukrainian Victims", National Bank of Ukraine; 03 March 2022. (Accessed 2022-03-06.)
  6. ↑ "More Than UAH 10 Billion Raised for Army and Humanitarian Aid", National Bank of Ukraine; 05 March 2022. (Accessed 2022-03-06.)
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Reporting 01.04.2016 NBU
  9. ↑ Rada Approves Cancellation of Rule That Bans Deputies From Switching Factions Template:Webarchive, The Financial (October 8, 2010)
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Danylyshyn heads NBU Council Template:Webarchive, Interfax-Ukraine (25 October 2016)
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Ukraine's parliament appoints new central bank chief Template:Webarchive, Reuters (24 February 2014)
  17. ↑ Template:In lang MPs changed the head of the National Bank Template:Webarchive, Ukrayinska Pravda (24 February 2014)
  18. ↑ a b Ukraine crisis: EU deal to be signed on 27 June Template:Webarchive, BBC News (19 June 2014)
  19. ↑ Ukraine president gets parliament boost for peace plan Template:Webarchive, AFP news agency (19 June 2014)
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Ukraine's parliament backs chief banker's exit, UNIAN (3 July 2020)
  24. ↑ Rozhkova takes office as acting Governor of NBU, Interfax-Ukraine (3 July 2020)
  25. ↑ Ukraine's parliament backs appointment of Kyrylo Shevchenko as NBU governor, UNIAN (16 July 2020
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Sources

Dushkevych, N. and V. Zelenyuk (2007) "Banking in Ukraine: Changes Looming?" Beyond Transition Newsletter 17:2, (The Newsletter About Reforming Economies, THE WORLD BANK, 2007).

External links

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