Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi

Muḥyī al‐Milla wa al‐Dīn Yaḥyā Abū ʿAbdallāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī al‐Shukr al‐Maghribī al‐Andalusī (Template:Langx; c. Template:TrimTemplate:SndJune 1283), referred to in sources as Muhyi l'din, was an astronomer, astrologer and mathematician of the Islamic Golden Age. He belonged to the group of astronomers associated with the Maragheh observatory in the Ilkhanate, most notably Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. In astronomy, Muhyi l'din carried out a large‐scale project of systematic planetary observations, which led to the development of several new astronomical parameters.Template:Sfn

Muhyi l'din died in Maragheh in modern-day Iran in June 1283.Template:Sfn

Early career

Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī was born in c. Template:Trim in al-Andalus.Template:Sfn He worked for the Ayyubid sultan An-Nasir Yusuf in Damascus.Template:Sfn This relationship was ultimately cut short when the sultan was killed by the Mongols in the Siege of Aleppo in 1257. He was then sent to the observatory at Maragheh.Template:Sfn

Work at the Maragheh observatory

File:Maragha Observatory panorama.jpg

The site of the Maragheh observatory; a dome now protects the most important remains

The Maragheh observatory was founded in the Ilkhanate, a part of the Mongol Empire,Template:Sfn Muhyi l'din went to Maragheh in 1258 as a guest of the Mongol ruler Hulagu Khan, where from 1259 he was involved, along with Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, in its construction. The observatory was completed in 1262.Template:Sfn

At Maragheh, Muhyi l'din observed up to a total of eight of the brightest stars, of which he used the latitudes collected to compare with the values within ancient computations.Template:Sfn He concluded that the difference between his latitudes and ancients were not substantial, and any inconsistences were in fact due to the observations and not the subject itself. In his Talkhīṣ al‐Majisṭī, he commentated on Ptolemy's Almagest, presenting his own observations and hypothesizes in addition with it. For instance, Muhyi l'din supposed that the precession would only occur in a motion that was uniform and continuous at a rate that was 1° for ever 66 years from his systematic stellar observations.Template:Sfn

An extant manuscript by Muhyi l'din details of observations made from 1262 to 1274.Template:Sfn He continued to work on his observations at Maragheh until his death in 1283.Template:Sfn

Other work

Muhyi l'din considered the problem of doubling the cube, which he approached means of a method devised by the Greek mathematician Hippocrates of Chios.Template:Sfn

Commentaries and treatises

Astronomy

Muhyi l'din's known works on astronomy include:Template:Sfn

• , a description of the construction and use of the astrolabe;
• , a description of the geometrical methods used to determine the meridian line, the rising amplitude, and the revolution of the sphere;
• , a chronological work on the Chinese calendar, which was later translated from Arabic and Persian into Chinese.
• Three :
  • (The Crown of Astronomical Handbooks), also known as ;
  • , which contains astronomical observations carried out by Muhyi l'dinin Marāgha;
  • ;
• Three commentaries on Ptolemy's Almagest:
  • (Compendium of the Almagest), based on his observations carried out between 1264 and 1275;
  • (Summary of the Almagest);
  • (Prolegomena on the Motion of the Stars), which contains five geometric premises on the planetary motions in the Almagest.

Astrology

Muhyi l'din's astrological works were mainly devoted to horoscopes and planetary conjunctions, used to tell the future.Template:Sfn

Mathematics

Muhyi l'din's notable works in trigonometry were The Book on the Theorem of Menelaus and Treatise on the Calculation of Sines.Template:Sfn He is known for his commentaries on ancient Greek mathematical works, in particular, his commentary on Book XV of Euclid's Elements, which discussed measurements of the regular polyhedra.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Muhyi l'din's writings on trigonometry contain some elements that are original.Template:Sfn

In his treatise on the calculation of sines, Muhyi l'din interpolated a value for the sine of one degree; a more accurate value was not obtained until the 15th century, when the mathematicians Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī and Jamshid al-Kashi tackled the problem. Whilst working on the sines, Muhyi l'din used the methods devised by Archimedes to find an approximate value for pi.Template:Sfn

Sources

• (PDF version)

External links

• Digitized manuscript () - Folios 1A-7B, Sprenger 1876 (Berlin State Library)