Mirza (name)

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Indo-Persian royal and noble ranks Mirza (Template:IPAc-en or Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx)[1]Template:Efn is a multi-ethnic name of Persian origin. It is used as a surname or prefix to identify patriarchal lineage. It is derived from the term Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Template:Lit).

It is a historical royal and noble title,[2] denoting the rank of a royal prince,[2] high nobleman,[3] distinguished military commander,[3] or a scholar.[1] Specifically, it was used as a title by (and today signifies patriarchal lineage to) the various Persian Empires, the Nogai Horde, Shirvanshahs and Circassians of the European Caucasus, the Mughals / Moguls of the Indian Subcontinent. It was also a title bestowed upon members of the highest aristocracies in Tatar states, such as the Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan.

Etymology

Mirzadeh

The original title Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". is derived from the Persian term Script error: No such module "Lang". which literally means 'child of the Mīr' or 'child of the ruler'.[1] Script error: No such module "Lang". in turn consists of the Arabic title Script error: No such module "Lang". (English: Emir), meaning 'commander' and the Persian suffix Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning 'son of' or 'lineage of').[1] Due to vowel harmony in Turkic languages, the alternative pronunciation Script error: No such module "Lang". (plural Script error: No such module "Lang".; derived from Persian) is also used.

History

Mirza first emerged during the 15th century as an appellative term for members of the Timurid dynasty, adopted in deference to their progenitor, the Central Asian conqueror Timur, who used Amir as his principal title.[4][5] During the early Timurid period, Mirza preceded a prince's given name, therefore adhering to the Persian fashion, though subsequently the Turkish style was adopted, with the title instead being placed after.[6] This was continued by later rulers such as the Aq Qoyunlus, Safavids, Ottomans and Mughals.[4]

Originally restricted to only kings and princes,[7] the title eventually spread among other social groups, though only the former could have it placed after their given name.[8] During the 16th century, the Safavids conferred it upon high-ranking viziers such as Mirza Shah Hossein and Mirza Ata-Allah Isfahani.[4] By the Qajar period, the title simply marked a person as a clerk or a literate man of consequence.[9] Writing in 1828, Frederic Shoberl records that "as a prefix to the name, it may be assumed by, or conferred on any person. It is right, however, to observe, that none but well-educated men, or such as follow respectable professions, or hold honourable posts, take the title of Mirza."[8]

Persian empires

File:Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum MS Hazine 1517 fol 471v Süleymanname Elkas Mirza Suleiman I cropped.png
Alqas Mirza meeting Suleiman the Magnificent. Illustration from the Süleymanname.

Safavid dynasty

Afsharid dynasty

Qajar dynasty

Shirvanshahs

Three consecutive titular kings of Shirvan, of the Shirvanshah Dynasty (present-day Azerbaijan), adopted the title as well following the death of Gurban Ali.

Circassians

Circassian dynasty

The hereditary title of Mirza was adopted by the nobility class of the Circassians. Idar of Kabardia, also known as "Mirza Haydar Temruk Bey", was the great-grandson of Prince Inal – Sultan of Egypt the founder of the "Temruk dynasty" of the Kabardian princes, known in Russia as the "Cherkassky" a Circassian princely family.

Circassian nobility with the name Mirza include:

Princely Issues:

  • Temruk Mirza (ca. 1501 – 1571)
  • Kambulat Mirza (ca. 1510 – 1589)
  • Zhelegot Mirza (ca. 1520- ?)

Russian empire

Under Catherine the Great, empress of Russia, the Mirzas gained equal rights with the Russian nobility due to their extreme wealth. Abdul Mirza was given the title Prince Yusupov, and his descendant Prince Felix Yusupov married Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia, the only niece of Tsar Nicholas II.

Mughal empire

File:Idealized portrait of Babur (1483-1530) in Persian style, painted circa 1605-1615 in India (British Museum 1921,1011,0.3).jpg
Babur Mirza (born Mirza Zahiruddin), first emperor of Mughal Dynasty.[10]
File:Meeting between Babur and Sultan 'Ali Mirza near Samarqand.jpg
Meeting between Babur Mirza and Sultan Ali Mirza near Samarqand (The Met Museum of Art NYC / Cleveland Museum of Art).
File:Portrait of Akbar by Manohar.jpg
Akbar Mirza (born Mirza Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad), one of the most popular Mughal Emperors of India, known as "Akbar the Great".
File:Mirzas1878.jpg
Mirzas of the Mughal imperial family, c. 1878.[11]

The title Mirza was borne by an imperial prince. It was adopted as part of ones name, implying relationship to the Mongol dynasties like the Mughal dynasty (the Imperial House of Timur).[12] In the traditional naming sequence of the Indian royal families, the title can be placed both before the name and after it, such as Prince Mirza Mughal or Prince Kamran Mirza. Prince Khusrau Mirza was the grandson of Emperor Babur (Babur Mirza), son of Emperor Jahangir and a brother of Emperor Shah Jahan. Emperor Akbar Shah II was known as Prince Mirza Akbar before his coronation. Emperor Babur took the imperial title of Badshah on 6 March 1508, before which he used the title Mirza.[13]

Mughal dynasty

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Imperial families of Central India and Bengal

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". The archaic Bengali form of Mirza was Mridha in Bengal and Bihar.[14]

Royal family of Awadh

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Rajput dynasty

Rajputs of Northern India

Originally being adversaries and opponents to the Mughal Emperors, the title Mirza was also adopted by the Muslim Rajputs of Northern India.[15] Many of the Rajput imperial families were descendants of ancient warriors, who strategically formed blood alliances with Mughal aristocracy. The Rajputs were rulers of princely states comprising vast territories of Northern India, including the Punjab Region, Kashmir and Rajasthan. Inter-marriage between Mughal aristocracy and Rajput aristocracy became very common and various factions of Rajput kingdoms embraced the Islamic faith, giving rise to the term "Muslim Rajputs".[16] Rajput rulers were also granted the title Mirza on account of being high-ranked commanders in the Mughal military.[17] The meaning of Mirza (Persian origin)[18] is identical to the meaning of Rajput (Sanskrit Origin).[19]

Other notable people named Mirza

Sport


Academics and literature


Arts and entertainment

Government

Judges and advocates

Journalists

Military

Nobility and royalty

Other people

See also

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Further reading

  • "Life of a Mirza" Chapter 7 (pp. 225–227) The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture (2004), by Annemarie Schimmel, Template:ISBN.
  • Mirzah in The Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable by Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, Template:ISBN.
  • MI'RZA in Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge For the People. Template:ISBN.
  • A. Jaimoukha The Circassians: A Handbook Routledge, Palgrave, 2001, pp. 157–60, Template:ISBN.

Footnotes

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References

Specific

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  1. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ A photo from 'The People of India', published from 1868 to the early 1870s by WH Allen, for the India Office
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ pg 24. The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture
  14. ↑ The Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque is named for a man known in Mughal records as Khan Muhammad Mirza; see https://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=4450 Template:Webarchive Mughal dynasty (the Imperial House of Timur "Sarai Mulk Khanam Qutubuddunniya wa Deen Amir Qutubuddin Taimur Baig Sahib-e-kiran").
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Lord Lawrence and the Reconstruction of India Under The Crown by Sir Charles Aitcheson, K.C.S.I., M.A., LL.D., Rulers of India series, Clarendon Press 1897, V p117
  17. ↑ 30. Ra´jah Ma´n Singh, son of Bhagwán Dás – Biography Template:Webarchive Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. I.
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Sources

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