Mirndi languages
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The Mirndi or Mindi languages are an Australian language family spoken in the Northern Territory of Australia. The family consists of two sub-groups and an isolate branch: the Yirram languages, and the Ngurlun languages and Jingulu language some 200 km farther to the southeast, separated by the Ngumpin languages.[1][2] The primary difference between the two sub-groups is that while the Yirram languages are all prefixing like other non-Pama–Nyungan languages, the Ngurlun languages are all suffixing like most Pama–Nyungan languages.[3]
The name of the family is derived from the dual inclusive pronoun ('we', in the sense of 'you and I') which is shared by all the languages in the family in the form of either mind- or Script error: No such module "lang"..[1]
Classification
The family has been generally accepted after being first established by Neil Chadwick in the early 1980s. The genetic relationship is primarily based upon morphology and not lexical comparison,[3] with the strongest evidence being found among the pronouns. However, "there are very few other systematic similarities in other areas of grammar[, which] throw some doubts on the Mirndi classification, making it less secure than generally accepted."[4] Nonetheless, as of 2008 proto-Mirndi has been reconstructed.[5]
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An additional language may be added, Ngaliwurru. However, it is unsure whether it is a language on its own, or merely a dialect of the Jaminjung language.[2][6][7][8][9] The same is true for Gudanji and Binbinka, although these are generally considered dialects of the Wambaya language. These three dialects are collectively referred to as the McArthur River languages.[3][8][10]
Vocabulary
Due to the close contact been the Yirram languages and the Ngurlun languages, and the Ngumpin languages and other languages as well, many of the cognates that the Yirram and Ngurlun languages share may in fact be loanwords, especially of Ngumpin origin.[1] For instance, while the Barkly language Jingulu only shares 9% of its vocabulary with its Yirram relative, the Ngaliwurru dialect of the Jaminjung language, it shares 28% with the nearby Ngumpin language Mudburra.[3]
The Jingulu language shares 29% and 28% of its vocabulary with the Wambaya language and the Ngarnka language respectively. The Ngarnka language shares 60% of its vocabulary with the Wambaya language, while the Wambaya language shares 69% and 78% with its dialects, Binbinka and Gudanji, respectively. Finally, these two dialects share 88% of their vocabulary.[10]
Capell (1940) lists the following basic vocabulary items:[11]
gloss Nungali Jilngali Djämindjung Ngaliwuru man Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". woman Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". head Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". eye Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". nose Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". mouth Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". tongue Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". stomach Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". bone Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". blood Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". kangaroo Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". opossum Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". emu Script error: No such module "Lang". crow Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". fly Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". sun Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". moon Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". fire Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". smoke Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". water Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Proto-language
Template:Infobox proto-language Proto-Mirndi reconstructions by Harvey (2008):[5]
no. gloss Proto-Mirndi 1 to hang, to tip Script error: No such module "Lang". 2 high, up Script error: No such module "Lang". 3 women's song style Script error: No such module "Lang". 4 that (not previously mentioned) Script error: No such module "Lang". 5 mother's father Script error: No such module "Lang". 6 woman's son Script error: No such module "Lang". 7 bird (generic) Script error: No such module "Lang". 8 blind Script error: No such module "Lang". 9 daughter's child Script error: No such module "Lang". 10 cold Script error: No such module "Lang". 11 chickenhawk Script error: No such module "Lang". 12 bull ant Script error: No such module "Lang". 13 to tickle Script error: No such module "Lang". 14 red ochre Script error: No such module "Lang". 15 shitwood Script error: No such module "Lang". 16 dove sp. Script error: No such module "Lang". 17 sky Script error: No such module "Lang". 18 throat, didgeridoo Script error: No such module "Lang". 19 urine Script error: No such module "Lang". 20 firestick Script error: No such module "Lang". 21 pollen Script error: No such module "Lang". 22 flesh Script error: No such module "Lang". 23 fat Script error: No such module "Lang". 24 bush turkey Script error: No such module "Lang". 25 boomerang Script error: No such module "Lang". 26 club Script error: No such module "Lang". 27 shield Script error: No such module "Lang". 28 fire Script error: No such module "Lang". 29 father-in-law Script error: No such module "Lang". 30 car Script error: No such module "Lang". 31 bony Script error: No such module "Lang". 32 plant sp. Script error: No such module "Lang". 33 eagle Script error: No such module "Lang". 34 blue-tongue lizard Script error: No such module "Lang". 35 to return Script error: No such module "Lang". 36 to wave Script error: No such module "Lang". 37 ear Script error: No such module "Lang". 38 plant sp. Script error: No such module "Lang". 39 gutta percha tree Script error: No such module "Lang". 40 butterfly Script error: No such module "Lang". 41 old man Script error: No such module "Lang". 42 all right, later Script error: No such module "Lang". 43 human status term Script error: No such module "Lang". 44 circumcision ritual Script error: No such module "Lang". 45 upper leg, thigh, root Script error: No such module "Lang". 46 owl Script error: No such module "Lang". 47 to be dark Script error: No such module "Lang". 48 scorpion Script error: No such module "Lang". 49 string Script error: No such module "Lang". 50 upper arm Script error: No such module "Lang". 51 three Script error: No such module "Lang". 52 to name Script error: No such module "Lang". 53 hand Script error: No such module "Lang". 54 female antilopine wallaroo Script error: No such module "Lang". 55 to lick Script error: No such module "Lang". 56 to sing Script error: No such module "Lang". 57 bauhinia Script error: No such module "Lang". 58 father's mother Script error: No such module "Lang". 59 breast Script error: No such module "Lang". 60 to be hot Script error: No such module "Lang". 61 bird sp. Script error: No such module "Lang". 62 to dream Script error: No such module "Lang". 63 older brother Script error: No such module "Lang". 64 nightjar Script error: No such module "Lang". 65 young woman Script error: No such module "Lang". 66 women's dance Script error: No such module "Lang". 67 moon Script error: No such module "Lang". 68 baby Script error: No such module "Lang". 69 hot weather Script error: No such module "Lang". 70 cicatrice Script error: No such module "Lang". 71 scraper Script error: No such module "Lang". 72 father Script error: No such module "Lang". 73 snake (generic) Script error: No such module "Lang". 74 to bathe Script error: No such module "Lang". 75 ashes Script error: No such module "Lang". 76 full Script error: No such module "Lang". 77 to finish Script error: No such module "Lang". 78 dreaming Script error: No such module "Lang". 79 deep (hole) Script error: No such module "Lang". 80 flame, light Script error: No such module "Lang". 81 to be tied up Script error: No such module "Lang". 82 feather Script error: No such module "Lang". 83 to poke Script error: No such module "Lang". 84 to open Script error: No such module "Lang". 85 woomera Script error: No such module "Lang". 86 black-headed python Script error: No such module "Lang". 87 strange(r) Script error: No such module "Lang". 88 grass (generic) Script error: No such module "Lang". 89 to scratch Script error: No such module "Lang". 90 number seven boomerang Script error: No such module "Lang". 91 freshwater crocodile Script error: No such module "Lang". 92 to be together Script error: No such module "Lang". 93 parrot sp. Script error: No such module "Lang". 94 new Script error: No such module "Lang". 95 initiated youth Script error: No such module "Lang". 96 magic song Script error: No such module "Lang". 97 young man Script error: No such module "Lang".
References
Notes
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12. Chadwick, Neil (1997) "The Barkly and Jaminjungan Languages: A Non-Contiguous Genetic Grouping In North Australia" in Tryon, Darrell, Walsh, Michael, eds. Boundary Rider: Essays in honour of Geoffrey O'Grady. Pacific Linguistics, C-136
General
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