Metropolitan areas of Mexico

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File:Metropolitan Areas of Mexico.svg
A map showing the location of the metropolitan areas in Mexico in 2004.

Metropolitan areas of Mexico have been traditionally defined as the group of municipalities that heavily interact with each other, usually around a core city, in Mexico. The phenomenon of metropolization in Mexico is relatively recent, starting in the 1940s.[1] Because of an accelerated level of urbanization in the country, the definition of a metropolitan area (in Mexican Spanish: zona metropolitana) is reviewed periodically by the Mexican population and census authorities.

Identifying metropolitan areas in Mexico

One of the first studies on a methodology to define and quantify the metropolitan areas in Mexico was published by El Colegio de México in 1978. In Luis Unikel's book "Urban Development in Mexico: Diagnosis and Future Implications", a metropolitan area was designated as "the territorial area that includes the political and administrative units from a central city, and any contiguous, urban political and administrative units with a direct socioeconomic interrelation with the central city, and viceversa". 12 metropolitan areas were identified, containing 25.6 percent of the national population.[2]

A 1993 study published by Mexico's National Institute of Public Administration (INAP), "Metropolitan and Regional Government and Management", defined a metropolitan area as "the physical or functional union of two or more municipalities that contain a central city and its contiguous locations, or a central city and surrounding locations under its socio-economic influence", and increased the number of metropolitan areas to 37.[1]

In 2004, a joint effort between the National Population Council (CONAPO), INEGI and the Ministry of Social Development (SEDESOL) agreed to officially define metropolitan areas as any of the following:[3]

  • a group of two or more municipalities in which a city with a population of at least 50,000 is located in an urban area that extends over the limit of the municipality that originally contained the core city incorporating, physically or under its area of direct influence other adjacent predominantly urban municipalities, all of which either have a high degree of social and economic integration or are relevant for urban politics and administration
  • a single municipality in which a city of a population of at least one thousand is located and fully contained (that is, it does not transcend the limits of a single municipality)
  • a city with a population of at least 250,000 that forms a conurbation with other cities in the United States.

The number of metropolitan areas increased to 55 under these criteria.

CONAPO last reviewed the criteria in 2018, and from that date, a metropolitan area in Mexico is defined as:[4]

  • a set of two or more municipalities where a city with a population of at least 100,000 is located, and whose urban area, functions and activities exceed the limits of the municipality, incorporating within its area of direct influence the predominantly urban neighboring municipalities, maintaining a high degree of socioeconomic integration. Also included are those municipalities that, due to their particular characteristics, are relevant to urban planning and policy for each metropolitan area.
  • municipalities with a city of more than 500,000 inhabitants.
  • municipalities with a city of more than 200,000 inhabitants located in the northern and southern border areas and in the coastal zone.
  • municipalities where state capitals are located, if they are not already included in a metropolitan area.

These new criteria also introduced two groups of municipalities within a metropolitan area: core, the location of the core city or cities in the area; and peripheral, surrounding, urban areas with high degree of integration with the core.[4]

As per this last definition, there are currently 74 metropolitan areas in Mexico. 75.1 million people, 62.8 percent of the country population, live within a metropolitan area.[4]

Metropolitan areas beyond municipal borders

File:Mexico City Metropolitan Area Map.svg
Map of Greater Mexico City, the largest metropolitan area in the country

Northern states are generally divided into a small number of large municipalities, whereas central and southern states are divided into a large number of smaller municipalities. As such, metropolitan areas in the north of the country cover fewer municipalities than those in the central and southern parts.

A few metropolitan areas extend beyond the limits of one state, like Greater Mexico City (Mexico City, Mexico and Hidalgo), La Laguna (Coahuila and Durango), and Tampico (Tamaulipas and Veracruz).

Financial situation of metropolitan areas in Mexico

Determining the public finance of metropolitan areas in Mexico has been challenging. Metropolitan areas in Mexico are complex in terms of population and industry. The Federal government of Mexico is transferring money to Municipalities of Mexico, but metropolitan areas in Mexico are increasingly plagued by a weakening fiscal capacity and rising local debt. The political factors that undermine a local tax reform in the metropolitan areas of Mexico are not well documented.[5]

List of metropolitan areas in Mexico by population

Official name of each metropolitan area, area in square kilometers and number of municipalities from CONAPO.[4]

Population in 2020 from the 2020 Census,[6] population in 2010 from the 2010 Census.[7]

Rank Metropolitan area State(s) Main cities Municip. Area (km2) 2020 Census 2010 Census Change
Template:Nts Greater Mexico City Mexico City, Mexico, Hidalgo Mexico City, Ecatepec, Nezahualcóyotl 76 7,866.1 Template:Change
Template:Nts Monterrey Nuevo León Monterrey, Guadalupe, Apodaca 18 7,657.5 Template:Change
Template:Nts Guadalajara Jalisco Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque 10 3,560.6 Template:Change
Template:Nts Puebla-Tlaxcala Puebla, Tlaxcala Puebla, Cholula, Tlaxcalancingo 39 2,392.4 Template:Change
Template:Nts Toluca Mexico Toluca, Metepec, Zinacantepec 16 2,410.5 Template:Change
Template:Nts Tijuana Baja California Tijuana, Tecate, Playas de Rosarito 3 4,422.7 Template:Change
Template:Nts León Guanajuato León, Silao 2 1,760.1 Template:Change
Template:Nts Querétaro Querétaro, Guanajuato Querétaro, El Pueblito, Apaseo el Alto 5 2,427.3 Template:Change
Template:Nts Juárez Chihuahua Ciudad Juárez 1 3,547.5 Template:Change
Template:Nts La Laguna Coahuila, Durango Torreón, Gómez Palacio, Lerdo 5 7,889.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts Mérida Yucatán Mérida, Kanasín 11 3,044.2 Template:Change
Template:Nts San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Soledad 3 2,401.9 Template:Change
Template:Nts Aguascalientes Aguascalientes Aguascalientes, Jesús María 3 1,822.3 Template:Change
Template:Nts Mexicali Baja California Mexicali 1 15,654.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts Saltillo Coahuila Saltillo, Ramos Arizpe 3 14,009.3 Template:Change
Template:Nts Cuernavaca Morelos Cuernavaca, Jiutepec, Temixco 8 1,189.9 Template:Change
Template:Nts Culiacán Sinaloa Culiacán 1 6,305.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts Morelia Michoacán Morelia 3 1,771.2 Template:Change
Template:Nts Chihuahua Chihuahua Chihuahua 3 18,093.7 Template:Change
Template:Nts Veracruz Veracruz Veracruz, Boca del Río 6 1,888.8 Template:Change
Template:Nts Hermosillo Sonora Hermosillo 1 16,955.2 Template:Change
Template:Nts Cancún Quintana Roo Cancún 2 3,053.6 Template:Change
Template:Nts Tampico Tamaulipas, Veracruz Tampico, Ciudad Madero, Miramar 5 5,281.7 Template:Change
Template:Nts Acapulco Guerrero Acapulco 2 3,538.5 Template:Change
Template:Nts Tuxtla Gutiérrez Chiapas Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapa de Corzo 5 2,160.9 Template:Change
Template:Nts Reynosa Tamaulipas Reynosa, Río Bravo 2 4,730.6 Template:Change
Template:Nts Villahermosa Tabasco Villahermosa 2 2,253.1 Template:Change
Template:Nts Xalapa Veracruz Xalapa, Coatepec 8 1,090.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts Celaya Guanajuato Celaya, Cortázar, Comonfort 4 1,505.4 Template:Change
Template:Nts Oaxaca Oaxaca Oaxaca, Xoxocotlán 24 634.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts Durango Durango Durango 1 9,285.4 Template:Change
Template:Nts Pachuca Hidalgo Pachuca 7 1,184.8 Template:Change
Template:Nts Tlaxcala–Apizaco Tlaxcala Apizaco, Chiautempan, Tlaxcala 19 708.1 Template:Change
Template:Nts Matamoros Tamaulipas Matamoros 1 4,633.2 Template:Change
Template:Nts Poza Rica Veracruz Poza Rica, Coatzintla, Papantla 5 2,789.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts Mazatlán Sinaloa Mazatlán 1 2,532.6 Template:Change
Template:Nts Tepic Nayarit Tepic, Xalisco 2 2,139.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts Cuautla Morelos Cuautla, Yautepec 6 979.6 Template:Change
Template:Nts Puerto Vallarta Jalisco, Nayarit Puerto Vallarta, Valle de Banderas 2 1,452.2 Template:Change
Template:Nts Orizaba Veracruz Orizaba, Río Blanco 13 641.8 Template:Change
Template:Nts Ensenada‡ Baja California Ensenada 1 19,346.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts Nuevo Laredo Tamaulipas Nuevo Laredo 1 1,224.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts Zacatecas–Guadalupe Zacatecas Zacatecas, Guadalupe 5 1,820.2 Template:Change
Template:Nts Colima–Villa de Álvarez Colima Colima, Villa de Álvarez 5 2,287.6 Template:Change
Template:Nts Monclova–Frontera Coahuila Monclova, Frontera 4 11,495.1 Template:Change
Template:Nts Minatitlán Veracruz Minatitlán 6 2,930.3 Template:Change
Template:Nts Tehuacán Puebla Tehuacán 2 647.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts Coatzacoalcos Veracruz Coatzacoalcos 3 496.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts Tapachula Chiapas Tapachula 1 980.1 Template:Change
Template:Nts Ciudad Victoria Tamaulipas Ciudad Victoria 1 1,463.6 Template:Change
Template:Nts Chilpancingo Guerrero Chilpancingo 2 3,249.9 Template:Change
Template:Nts Córdoba Veracruz Córdoba, Fortín de las Flores 4 460.4 Template:Change
Template:Nts Campeche Campeche Campeche 1 3,244.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts La Paz Baja California Sur La Paz 1 15,838.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts Zamora Michoacán Zamora, Jacona 2 453.7 Template:Change
Template:Nts Tulancingo Hidalgo Tulancingo, Cuautepec 3 673.1 Template:Change
Template:Nts Nogales Sonora Nogales 1 1,756.6 Template:Change
Template:Nts La Piedad–Pénjamo Guanajuato, Michoacán La Piedad, Pénjamo 2 1,845.8 Template:Change
Template:Nts Tula Hidalgo Tula 5 1,845.8 Template:Change
Template:Nts Chetumal‡‡ Quintana Roo Chetumal 1 9,958.2 Template:Change
Template:Nts San Francisco del Rincón Guanajuato San Francisco del Rincón, Purísima 2 716.1 Template:Change
Template:Nts Piedras Negras Coahuila Piedras Negras 2 1,382.4 Template:Change
Template:Nts Guaymas Sonora Guaymas, Empalme 2 8,544.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts Delicias Chihuahua Ciudad Delicias 2 962.3 Template:Change
Template:Nts Guanajuato Guanajuato Guanajuato 1 1,014.1 Template:Change
Template:Nts Ocotlán Jalisco Ocotlán 3 1,240.3 Template:Change
Template:Nts Tianguistenco Mexico Santiago Tianguistenco 6 304.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts Tehuantepec Oaxaca Salina Cruz, Tehuantepec 5 1,712.1 Template:Change
Template:Nts Rioverde San Luis Potosí Rioverde, Ciudad Fernández 2 3,582.4 Template:Change
Template:Nts Tecomán Colima Tecomán, Armería 2 1,347.7 Template:Change
Template:Nts Teziutlán Puebla Teziutlán, Chignautla 2 240.9 Template:Change
Template:Nts Hidalgo del Parral Chihuahua Hidalgo del Parral, San Francisco del Oro 2 2,403.5 Template:Change
Template:Nts Acayucan Veracruz Acayucan, Oluta 3 830.0 Template:Change
Template:Nts Moroleón–Uriangato Guanajuato Moroleón, Uriangato 2 276.1 Template:Change

A new municipality, San Quintín, was created out of Ensenada's territory in February 2020.[8]

Another new municipality, Bacalar, was created out of Othon P. Blanco's territory in February 2011.[9]

Transnational conurbations

File:Border USA Mexico.jpg
The Mexico–U.S. border separates densely populated Tijuana, Mexico (right), from San Diego, United States (left).[10][11]
File:Laredo-Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan Area.JPG
A 3D rendered image of the Nuevo Laredo – Laredo Metropolitan Area, a binational urban agglomeration divided by the Rio Grande.

The United States shares a 2,000 mi (3,000 km) border with Mexico. It is the most frequently crossed international border in the world, with about 250 million legal crossings every year.[10]

The distribution of the population in Mexico, especially, in urban areas, has been changed significantly by the economic interaction between settlements in its north and the United States. The increasing population concentration in the north of Mexico is strongly associated with the development of the maquila industries there and the eventual economic effects of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).[12]

Metropolitan areas at the border with the United States form transnational conurbations with deep economic and demographic interaction. For example, the San Diego – Tijuana metropolitan area consists of San Diego County in the US and the municipalities of Tijuana, Playas de Rosarito, and Tecate in Mexico. The total population of the region has been estimated to be just over 5 million in 2009, making it by far the largest binational metropolitan area shared between the US and Mexico.[13] The National Population Council (CONAPO) recognizes the existence of such metropolitan areas and defines them as the municipalities with a city of at least 200,000 inhabitants and sharing processes of conurbation with cities of the US:[3]

Rank Metropolitan area Mexican state American state Population
1 Tijuana–San Diego Baja California California 5,009,170[13]
2 El Paso–Juarez Chihuahua Texas 2,345,182[13]
3 Reynosa–McAllen Tamaulipas Texas 1,500,000[13]
4 Matamoros–Brownsville Tamaulipas Texas 1,136,995[13]
5 Mexicali–Calexico Baja California California 956,223[13]
6 Nuevo Laredo–Laredo Tamaulipas Texas 747,494[13]
7 Nogales–Nogales Sonora Arizona 234,809[nb 1]
8 Piedras Negras–Eagle Pass Coahuila Texas 230,205[nb 2]
9 San Luis Río Colorado–San Luis Sonora Arizona 188,152[nb 3]
10 Ciudad Acuña–Del Río Coahuila Texas 183,750[nb 4]

Mexico City megalopolis

File:Megapolis Mexico Nombres.svg
Mexico City megalopolis location

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". A megalopolis is defined as a long chain of continuous metropolitan areas or territories that are relatively integrated amongst each other, a clear example being the Northeast Megalopolis in the United States. In 1996, the Script error: No such module "Lang". first proposed this concept to refer to the Mexico City megalopolis, or "megalopolis of central Mexico", which was later expanded by PROAIRE, a metropolitan commission on the environment.[14]

Known in the Spanish language as the Script error: No such module "Lang". (regional ring), the megalopolis of Central Mexico was defined as the consolidation of the metropolitan areas of the Valley of Mexico, Puebla, Cuernavaca, Toluca, Pachuca, Tlaxcala, Tulancingo, Tula, Cuautla and Tianguistenco.

The Mexico City megalopolis spreads over 19,500 square kilometres (7,500 sq miles) and consists of 185 subdivisions in 6 federative entities. Furthermore, The Mexico City megalopolis spreads over 169 municipalities, of which 81 are in the State of Mexico. A further 39 are in Tlaxcala, 19 are in Puebla, 16 are in Hidalgo, 14 are in Morelos, and last but not least 16 boroughs of Mexico City.[14]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Sum of legal residents of Nogales, Sonora (213,976) and Nogales, Arizona (20,833).
  2. ↑ Sum of legal residents of Eagle Pass Metropolitan Area's population (48,401) and Piedras Negras, Coahuila (154,360).
  3. ↑ Sum of legal residents of San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora (164,342) and San Luis, Arizona (23,810).
  4. ↑ Sum of legal residents of Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila (135,605) and Del Rio, Texas (46,682).

References

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  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b David M. Bridgeland, Ron Zahavi. Business Modeling: A Practical Guide to Realizing Business Value. Morgan Kaufmann, 2008. p. 134. Template:ISBN.
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Michael Pacione. Urban geography: a global perspective. Routledge, 2005. p. 105. Template:ISBN.
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Área metropolitana del Valle de México PROAIRE

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