Lakes of Titan

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Template:Short description Template:Too many photos

File:PIA17655 crop Titan north polar seas and lakes.jpg
False-color, medium-resolution Cassini synthetic aperture radar mosaic of Titan's north polar region, showing hydrocarbon seas, lakes, and tributary networks. Blue coloring indicates low radar reflectivity areas, caused by bodies of liquid ethane, methane and dissolved nitrogen.[1] Kraken Mare, the largest sea on Titan, is at lower left. Ligeia Mare is the large body below the pole, and Punga Mare at half its size is just left of the pole. White areas have not been imaged.

Lakes of liquid ethane and methane exist on the surface of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. This was confirmed by the Cassini–Huygens space probe, as had been suspected since the 1980s.[2] The large bodies of liquid are known as Template:Em (seas) and the small ones as Template:Em (lakes).[3]

History and discovery

File:PIA22481-SaturnMoon-Titan-Lakes-20170911.jpg
Titan lakes (September 11, 2017)
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:PIA09184 -Titan Sea and Lake Superior.jpg
Size comparison of Ligeia Mare with Lake Superior.
File:LigeiaRDR wiki lttl.png
Radargram acquired by the Cassini RADAR altimeter showing the surface and seafloor of Ligeia Mare along the transect highlined by the red line. In each column is shown the received power as function of time.
File:PIA16197 Titan river.jpg
Vid Flumina,[4] a Script error: No such module "convert". river emptying into Ligeia Mare (in lower right corner of top image).

The possibility that there are seas on Titan was first suggested based on data from the Voyager 1 and 2 space probes, which flew past Titan in 1980. The data showed Titan to have a thick atmosphere of approximately the correct temperature and composition to support liquid hydrocarbons. Direct evidence was obtained in 1995 when data from the Hubble Space Telescope and other observations suggested the existence of liquid methane on Titan, either in disconnected pockets or on the scale of satellite-wide oceans, similar to water on Earth.[5]

The Cassini mission affirmed the former hypothesis, although not immediately. When the probe arrived in the Saturnian system in 2004, it was hoped that hydrocarbon lakes or oceans might be detectable by reflected sunlight from the surface of any liquid bodies, but no specular reflections were initially observed.[6]

The possibility remained that liquid ethane and methane might be found on Titan's polar regions, where they were expected to be abundant and stable.[7] In Titan's south polar region, an enigmatic dark feature named Ontario Lacus was the first suspected lake identified, possibly created by clouds that are observed to cluster in the area.[8] A possible shoreline was also identified near the pole via radar imagery.[9] Following a flyby on July 22, 2006, in which the Cassini spacecraft's radar imaged the northern latitudes, which were at the time in winter. A number of large, smooth (and thus dark to radar) patches were seen dotting the surface near the pole.[10] Based on the observations, scientists announced "definitive evidence of lakes filled with methane on Saturn's moon Titan" in January 2007.[7][11] The Cassini–Huygens team concluded that the imaged features are almost certainly the long-sought hydrocarbon lakes, the first stable bodies of surface liquid found off Earth. Some appear to have channels associated with liquid and lie in topographical depressions.[7] Channels in some regions have created surprisingly little erosion, suggesting erosion on Titan is extremely slow, or some other recent phenomena may have wiped out older riverbeds and landforms.[12] Overall, the Cassini radar observations have shown that lakes cover only a few percent of the surface and are concentrated near the poles, making Titan much drier than Earth.[13] The high relative humidity of methane in Titan's lower atmosphere could be maintained by evaporation from lakes covering only 0.002–0.02% of the whole surface.[14]

During a Cassini flyby in late February 2007, radar and camera observations revealed several large features in the north polar region interpreted as large expanses of liquid methane and/or ethane, including one, Ligeia Mare, with an area of Template:Cvt, slightly larger than Lake Michigan–Huron, the largest freshwater lake on Earth; and another, Kraken Mare, that would later prove to be three times that size. A flyby of Titan's southern polar regions in October 2007 revealed similar, though far smaller, lake-like features.[15]

File:PIA12481 Titan specular reflection.jpg
Infrared specular reflection off Jingpo Lacus, a north polar body of liquid.
File:Huygens shoreline.jpg
Image of Titan taken during Huygens' descent, showing hills and topographical features that resemble a shoreline and drainage channels.

During a close Cassini flyby in December 2007 the visual and mapping instrument observed a lake, Ontario Lacus, in Titan's south polar region. This instrument identifies chemically different materials based on the way they absorb and reflect infrared light. Radar measurements made in July 2009 and January 2010 indicate that Ontario Lacus is extremely shallow, with an average depth of Template:Cvt, and a maximum depth of Template:Cvt.[16] It may thus resemble a terrestrial mudflat. In contrast, the northern hemisphere's Ligeia Mare has depths of Template:Cvt.[17]

Chemical composition and surface roughness of the lakes

According to Cassini data, scientists announced on February 13, 2008, that Titan hosts within its polar lakes "hundreds of times more natural gas and other liquid hydrocarbons than all the known oil and natural gas reserves on Earth." The desert sand dunes along the equator, while devoid of open liquid, nonetheless hold more organics than all of Earth's coal reserves.[18] It has been estimated that the visible lakes and seas of Titan contain about 300 times the volume of Earth's proven oil reserves.[19] In June 2008, CassiniTemplate:'s Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer confirmed the presence of liquid ethane beyond doubt in a lake in Titan's southern hemisphere.[20] The exact blend of hydrocarbons in the lakes is unknown. According to a computer model, 3/4 of an average polar lake is ethane, with 10 percent methane, 7 percent propane and smaller amounts of hydrogen cyanide, butane, nitrogen and argon.[21] Benzene is expected to fall like snow and quickly dissolve into the lakes, although the lakes may become saturated just as the Dead Sea on Earth is packed with salt. The excess benzene would then build up in a mud-like sludge on the shores and on the lake floors before eventually being eroded by ethane rain, forming a complex cave-riddled landscape.[22] Salt-like compounds composed of ammonia and acetylene are also predicted to form.[23] However, the chemical composition and physical properties of the lakes probably varies from one lake to another (Cassini observations in 2013 indicate Ligeia Mare is filled with a ternary mixture of methane, ethane, and nitrogen and consequently the probe's radar signals were able to detect the sea floor Template:Cvt below the liquid surface).[24]

No waves were initially detected by Cassini as the northern lakes emerged from winter darkness (calculations indicate wind speeds of less than Script error: No such module "convert". should whip up detectable waves in Titan's ethane lakes but none were observed). This may be either due to low seasonal winds or solidification of hydrocarbons. Titan has several lakes that reside near its northern pole that vary in size, the area these lakes cover and lower wind speeds could as well explain why there were no surface waves being detected. The area over a liquid that wind blows across is known as fetch.[25] The larger this area is, the larger waves become as wind has more area to blow across to transfer energy. The smaller the area of fetch, the smaller waves will be. The optical properties of solid methane surface (close to the melting point) are quite close to the properties of liquid surface however the viscosity of solid methane, even near the melting point, is many orders of magnitude higher, which might explain extraordinary smoothness of the surface.[26] Solid methane is denser than liquid methane so it will eventually sink. It is possible that the methane ice could float for a time as it probably contains bubbles of nitrogen gas from Titan's atmosphere.[27] Temperatures close to the freezing point of methane (Script error: No such module "convert".) could lead to both floating and sinking ice - that is, a hydrocarbon ice crust above the liquid and blocks of hydrocarbon ice on the bottom of the lake bed. The ice is predicted to rise to the surface again at the onset of spring before melting.

Since 2014, Cassini has detected transient features in scattered patches in Kraken Mare, Ligeia Mare and Punga Mare. Laboratory experiments suggest these features (e.g. RADAR-bright "magic islands")[28] might be vast patches of bubbles caused by the rapid release of nitrogen dissolved in the lakes. Bubble outburst events are predicted to occur as the lakes cool and subsequently warm or whenever methane-rich fluids mix with ethane-rich ones due to heavy rainfall.[29][30] Bubble outburst events may also influence the formation of Titan's river deltas.[30] An alternative explanation is the transient features in Cassini VIMS near-infrared data may be shallow, wind-driven capillary waves (ripples) moving at about Template:Cvt and at heights of about Script error: No such module "convert"..[31][32][33] Post-Cassini analysis of VIMS data suggests tidal currents may also be responsible for the generation of persistent waves in narrow channels (Freta) of Kraken Mare.[33]

Cyclones driven by evaporation and involving rain as well as gale-force winds of up to Template:Cvt are expected to form over the large northern seas only (Kraken Mare, Ligeia Mare, Punga Mare) in northern summer during 2017, lasting up to ten days.[34] However, a 2017 analysis of Cassini data from 2007 to 2015 indicates waves across these three seas were diminutive, reaching only about Script error: No such module "convert". high and Script error: No such module "convert". long. The results call into question the early summer's classification as the beginning of the Titan's windy season, because high winds probably would have made for larger waves.[35] A 2019 theoretical study concluded that it is possible that the relatively dense aerosols raining down on Titan's lakes may have liquid-repelling properties, forming a persistent film on the surface of the lakes which then would inhibit formation of waves larger than a few centimetres in wavelength.[36]

Observation of specular reflections

File:Specular Spectacular (PIA18432).jpg
Near-infrared radiation from the Sun reflecting off Titan's hydrocarbon seas.

On 21 December 2008, Cassini passed directly over Ontario Lacus at an altitude of Template:Cvt and was able to observe specular reflection in radar observations. The signals were much stronger than anticipated and saturated the probe's receiver. The conclusion drawn from the strength of the reflection was that the lake level did not vary by more than Template:Cvt over a first Fresnel zone reflecting area only Template:Cvt wide (smoother than any natural dry surface on Earth). From this it was surmised that surface winds in the area are minimal at that season and/or the lake fluid is more viscous than expected.[37][38]

On 8 July 2009, CassiniTemplate:'s Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) observed a specular reflection in 5 μm infrared light off a northern hemisphere body of liquid at 71° N, 337° W. This has been described as at the southern shoreline of Kraken Mare,[39] but on a combined radar-VIMS image the location is shown as a separate lake (later named Jingpo Lacus). The observation was made shortly after the north polar region emerged from 15 years of winter darkness. Because of the polar location of the reflecting liquid body, the observation required a phase angle close to 180°.[40]

Equatorial in-situ observations by the Huygens probe

The discoveries in the polar regions contrast with the findings of the Huygens probe, which landed near Titan's equator on January 14, 2005. The images taken by the probe during its descent showed no open areas of liquid, but strongly indicated the presence of liquids in the recent past, showing pale hills crisscrossed with dark drainage channels that lead into a wide, flat, darker region. It was initially thought that the dark region might be a lake of a fluid or at least tar-like substance, but it is now clear that Huygens landed on the dark region, and that it is solid without any indication of liquids. A penetrometer studied the composition of the surface as the craft impacted it, and it was initially reported that the surface was similar to wet clay, or perhaps crème brûlée (that is, a hard crust covering a sticky material). Subsequent analysis of the data suggests that this reading was likely caused by Huygens displacing a large pebble as it landed, and that the surface is better described as a "sand" made of ice grains.[41] The images taken after the probe's landing show a flat plain covered in pebbles. The pebbles may be made of water ice and are somewhat rounded, which may indicate the action of fluids.[42] Thermometers indicated that heat was wicked away from Huygens so quickly that the ground must have been damp, and one image shows light reflected by a dewdrop as it falls across the camera's field of view. On Titan, the feeble sunlight allows only about one centimeter of evaporation per year (versus one meter of water on Earth), but the atmosphere can hold the equivalent of about Script error: No such module "convert". of liquid before rain forms (versus about Template:Cvt on Earth). So Titan's weather is expected to feature downpours of several meters (15–20 feet) causing flash floods, interspersed by decades or centuries of drought (whereas typical weather on Earth includes a little rain most weeks).[43] Cassini has observed equatorial rainstorms only once since 2004. Despite this, a number of long-standing tropical hydrocarbon lakes were unexpectedly discovered in 2012[44] (including one near the Huygens landing site in the Shangri-La region which is about half the size of Utah's Great Salt Lake, with a depth of at least 1 meter [3'4"]). As on Earth, the likely supplier is probably underground aquifers, in other words the arid equatorial regions of Titan contain "oases".[45]

Impact of Titan's methane cycle and geology on lake formation

File:PIA23172-SaturnMoon-Titan-RimmedLakes-ArtistConcept-20190906.jpg
Rimmed lakes of Titan
(artist concept)

Script error: No such module "Multiple image".

Models of oscillations in Titan's atmospheric circulation suggest that over the course of a Saturnian year, liquid is transported from the equatorial region to the poles, where it falls as rain. This might account for the equatorial region's relative dryness.[46] According to a computer model, intense rainstorms should occur in normally rainless equatorial areas during Titan's vernal and autumnal equinoxes—enough liquid to carve out the type of channels that Huygens found.[47] The model also predicts energy from the Sun will evaporate liquid methane from Titan's surface except at the poles, where the relative absence of sunlight makes it easier for liquid methane to accumulate into permanent lakes. The model also apparently explains why there are more lakes in the northern hemisphere. Due to the eccentricity of Saturn's orbit, the northern summer is longer than the southern summer and consequently the rainy season is longer in the north.

However, recent Cassini observations (from 2013) suggest geology may also explain the geographic distribution of the lakes and other surface features. One puzzling feature of Titan is the lack of impact craters at the poles and mid-latitudes, particularly at lower elevations. These areas may be wetlands fed by subsurface ethane and methane springs.[48] Any crater created by meteorites is thus quickly subsumed by wet sediment. The presence of underground aquifers could explain another mystery. Titan's atmosphere is full of methane, which according to calculations should react with ultraviolet radiation from the sun to produce liquid ethane. Over time, the moon should have built up an ethane ocean hundreds of meters (1,500 to 2,500 feet) deep instead of only a handful of polar lakes. The presence of wetlands would suggest that the ethane soaks into the ground, forming a subsurface liquid layer akin to groundwater on Earth. A possibility is that the formation of materials called clathrates changes the chemical composition of the rainfall runoff that charges the subsurface hydrocarbon "aquifers." This process leads to the formation of reservoirs of propane and ethane that may feed into some rivers and lakes. The chemical transformations taking place underground would affect Titan's surface. Lakes and rivers fed by springs from propane or ethane subsurface reservoirs would show the same kind of composition, whereas those fed by rainfall would be different and contain a significant fraction of methane.[49]

97% of Titan's lakes have been found within a bright unit of terrain covering about Script error: No such module "convert". near the north pole. The lakes found here have very distinctive shapes—rounded complex silhouettes and steep sides—suggesting deformation of the crust created fissures that could be filled up with liquid. A variety of formation mechanisms have been proposed. The explanations range from the collapse of land after a cryovolcanic eruption to karst terrain, where liquids dissolve soluble ice.[50] Smaller lakes (up to tens of miles across) with steep rims (up to hundreds of feet high) might be analogous to maar lakes, i.e. explosion craters subsequently filled with liquid. The explosions are proposed to result from fluctuations in climate, which lead to pockets of liquid nitrogen accumulating within the crust during colder periods and then exploding when warming caused the nitrogen to rapidly expand as it shifted to a gas state.[51][52][53]

Titan Mare Explorer

Titan Mare Explorer (TiME) was a proposed NASA/ESA lander that would splash down on Ligeia Mare and analyze its surface, shoreline and Titan's atmosphere.[54] However, it was turned down in August 2012, when NASA instead selected the InSight mission to Mars.[55]

Named lakes and seas

File:PIA17470 Titan northern hemisphere.jpg
False-color near infrared view of Titan's northern hemisphere, showing its seas and lakes. Orange areas near some of them may be deposits of organic evaporite left behind by receding liquid hydrocarbon.
File:Titan north polar fluvial valleys 2x.jpg
Intricate networks of channels drain into Kraken Mare (lower left) and Ligeia Mare (upper right).
File:Liquid lakes on titan.jpg
Hydrocarbon lakes on Titan: Cassini radar image, 2006. Bolsena Lacus is at lower right, with Sotonera Lacus just above and to its left. Koitere Lacus and Neagh Lacus are in the middle distance, left of center and on the right margin, respectively. Mackay Lacus is at upper left.
File:Titan's "Kissing Lakes".jpg
Titan's "kissing lakes", formally named Abaya Lacus, about Script error: No such module "convert". across
File:A Titan lake.jpg
Feia Lacus, about Script error: No such module "convert". across, a lake with several large peninsulas

Features labeled lacus are believed to be ethane/methane lakes, while features labeled lacuna are believed to be dry lake beds. Both are named after lakes on Earth.[3] Features labeled sinus are bays within the lakes or seas. They are named after bays and fjords on Earth. Features labeled insula are islands within the body of liquid. They are named after mythical islands. Titanean maria (large hydrocarbon seas) are named after sea monsters in world mythology.[3] The tables are up-to-date as of 2023.[56]

Sea names of Titan

Name Coordinates Length (km)[note 1] Area (km2) Approval Date Source of name Ref
Kraken Mare Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 1,170 400,000 11 April 2008 The Kraken, Norse sea monster. Template:WGPSN
Ligeia Mare Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 500 126,000 11 April 2008 Ligeia, one of the Sirens, Greek monsters Template:WGPSN
Punga Mare Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 380 40,000 14 November 2008 Punga, Māori ancestor of sharks and lizards Template:WGPSN

Lake names of Titan

Name Coordinates Length (km)[note 1] Approval Date Source of name Ref
Abaya Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 65 27 September 2007 Lake Abaya, Ethiopia Template:WGPSN
Akmena Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 35.6 7 August 2017 Lake Akmena, Lithuania Template:WGPSN
Albano Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 6.2 16 September 2010 Lake Albano, Italy Template:WGPSN
Template:Vanchor Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 20 26 June 2017 Lake Annecy, France Template:WGPSN
Arala Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 12.3 26 June 2017 Lake Arala, Mali Template:WGPSN
Atitlán Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 13.7 16 September 2010 Lake Atitlán, Guatemala Template:WGPSN
Balaton Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 35.6 7 August 2017 Lake Balaton, Hungary Template:WGPSN
Bolsena Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 101 27 September 2007 Lake Bolsena, Italy Template:WGPSN
Brienz Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 50.6 7 August 2017 Lake Brienz, Switzerland Template:WGPSN
Buada Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 76.4 26 June 2017 Buada Lagoon, Nauru Template:WGPSN
Cardiel Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 22 7 April 2011 Cardiel Lake, Argentina Template:WGPSN
Cayuga Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 22.7 16 September 2010 Cayuga Lake, USA Template:WGPSN
Chilwa Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 19.8 6 June 2017 Lake Chilwa, near Malawi-Mozambique border Template:WGPSN
Crveno Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 41.0 20 July 2015 Crveno Jezero, Croatia Template:WGPSN
Dilolo Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 18.3 26 June 2017 Dilolo Lake, Angola Template:WGPSN
Dridzis Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 50 26 June 2017 Lake Dridzis, Latvia Template:WGPSN
Enriquillo Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 47 13 April 2022 Lake in the Dominican Republic Template:WGPSN
Feia Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 47 27 September 2007 Lake Feia, Brazil Template:WGPSN
Fogo Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 32.3 7 August 2017 Lagoa do Fogo, Azores, Portugal Template:WGPSN
Freeman Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 26 7 April 2011 Lake Freeman, USA Template:WGPSN
Gatun Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 67 13 April 2022 Lake in Panama Template:WGPSN
Grasmere Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 33.3 7 August 2017 Grasmere Lake, England Template:WGPSN
Hammar Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 200 3 December 2013 Lake Hammar, Iraq Template:WGPSN
Hlawga Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 40.3 7 August 2017 Lake Hlawga, Myanmar Template:WGPSN
Ihotry Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 37.5 6 June 2017 Lake Ihotry, Madagascar Template:WGPSN
Imogene Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 38 26 June 2017 Imogene Lake, USA Template:WGPSN
Jingpo Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 240 29 March 2010 Jingpo Lake, China Template:WGPSN
Junín Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 6.3 16 September 2010 Lake Junín, Peru Template:WGPSN
Karakul Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 18.4 7 August 2017 Lake Karakul, Tajikistan Template:WGPSN
Kayangan Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 6.2 27 December 2015 Kayangan Lake, Philippines Template:WGPSN
Kivu Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 77.5 14 November 2008 Lake Kivu, on the border of Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo Template:WGPSN
Koitere Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 68 27 September 2007 Koitere, Finland Template:WGPSN
Ladoga Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 110 24 May 2013 Lake Ladoga, Russia Template:WGPSN
Lagdo Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 37.8 26 June 2017 Lagdo Reservoir, Cameroon Template:WGPSN
Lanao Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 34.5 16 September 2010 Lake Lanao, Philippines Template:WGPSN
Letas Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 23.7 7 August 2017 Lake Letas, Vanuatu Template:WGPSN
Logtak Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 14.3 16 September 2010 Loktak Lake, India Template:WGPSN
Mackay Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 180 27 September 2007 Lake Mackay, Australia Template:WGPSN
Maracaibo Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 20.4 6 June 2017 Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela Template:WGPSN
Müggel Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 170 3 December 2013 Müggelsee, Germany Template:WGPSN
Muzhwi Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 36 6 June 2017 Muzhwi Dam, Zimbabwe Template:WGPSN
Mweru Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 20.6 6 June 2017 Lake Mweru, on Zambia-Democratic Republic of the Congo border Template:WGPSN
Mývatn Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 55 27 September 2007 Mývatn, Iceland Template:WGPSN
Neagh Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 98 27 September 2007 Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland Template:WGPSN
Negra Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 15.3 6 June 2017 Lake Negra, Uruguay Template:WGPSN
Ohrid Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 17.3 16 September 2010 Lake Ohrid, on the border of North Macedonia and Albania Template:WGPSN
Olomega Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 15.7 26 June 2017 Lake Olomega, El Salvador Template:WGPSN
Oneida Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 51 27 September 2007 Oneida Lake, United States Template:WGPSN
Ontario Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 235 2006 Lake Ontario, on the border between Canada and the United States. Template:WGPSN
Phewa Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 12 6 June 2017 Phewa Lake, Nepal Template:WGPSN
Pielinen Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 88 13 April 2022 Lake in Finland Template:WGPSN
Prespa Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 43.7 6 June 2017 Lake Prespa, on tripoint of North Macedonia, Albania and Greece Template:WGPSN
Qinghai Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 44.3 7 August 2017 Qinghai Lake, China Template:WGPSN
Quilotoa Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 11.8 26 June 2017 Quilotoa, Ecuador Template:WGPSN
Rannoch Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 63.5 6 June 2017 Loch Rannoch, Scotland Template:WGPSN
Roca Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 46 26 June 2017 Las Rocas Lake, Chile Template:WGPSN
Rukwa Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 36 6 June 2017 Lake Rukwa, Tanzania Template:WGPSN
Rwegura Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 21.7 26 June 2017 Rwegura Dam, Burundi Template:WGPSN
Sarygamysh Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 19 13 April 2022 Lake in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan Template:WGPSN
Sevan Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 46.9 16 September 2010 Lake Sevan, Armenia Template:WGPSN
Shoji Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 5.8 27 December 2015 Lake Shoji, Japan Template:WGPSN
Sionascaig Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 143.2 12 March 2013 Loch Sionascaig, Scotland Template:WGPSN
Sotonera Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 63 27 September 2007 Lake Sotonera, Spain Template:WGPSN
Sparrow Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 81.4 27 September 2007 Sparrow Lake, Canada Template:WGPSN
Suwa Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 12 6 June 2017 Lake Suwa, Japan Template:WGPSN
Synevyr Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 36 7 August 2017 Lake Synevyr, Ukraine Template:WGPSN
Taupo Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 27 6 June 2017 Lake Taupō, New Zealand Template:WGPSN
Tengiz Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 70 26 June 2017 Lake Tengiz, Kazakhstan Template:WGPSN
Toba Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 23.6 26 June 2017 Lake Toba, Indonesia Template:WGPSN
Totak Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 20 14 April 2022 Lake in Norway Template:WGPSN
Towada Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 24 7 April 2011 Lake Towada, Japan Template:WGPSN
Trichonida Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 31.5 7 August 2017 Lake Trichonida, Greece Template:WGPSN
Tsomgo Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 59 27 December 2015 Lake Tsomgo, India Template:WGPSN
Urmia Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 28.6 12 March 2013 Lake Urmia, Iran Template:WGPSN
Uvs Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 26.9 16 September 2010 Uvs Lake, Mongolia Template:WGPSN
Vänern Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 43.9 16 September 2010 Vänern, Sweden Template:WGPSN
Van Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 32.7 6 June 2017 Lake Van, Turkey Template:WGPSN
Viedma Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 42 6 June 2017 Viedma Lake, Argentina Template:WGPSN
Waikare Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 52.5 27 September 2007 Lake Waikare, New Zealand Template:WGPSN
Weija Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 12 12 March 2020 Lake Weija, Ghana Template:WGPSN
Winnipeg Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 60 26 February 2018 Lake Winnipeg, Canada Template:WGPSN
Xolotlán Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 57.4 7 August 2017 Lake Xolotlán, Nicaragua Template:WGPSN
Yessey Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 24.5 26 June 2017 Lake Yessey, Siberia, Russia Template:WGPSN
Yojoa Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 58.3 7 August 2017 Lake Yojoa, Honduras Template:WGPSN
Ypoa Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 39.2 6 June 2017 Lake Ypoá, Paraguay Template:WGPSN
Zaza Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 29 26 June 2017 Zaza Reservoir, Cuba Template:WGPSN
Zub Lacus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 19.5 7 August 2017 Zub Lake, Antarctica Template:WGPSN

Lakebed names of Titan

Lacunae Coordinates Length (km) Approval Date Named after Ref
Atacama Lacuna Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 35.9 21 December 2010 Salar de Atacama, intermittent lake in Chile Template:WGPSN
Cerknica Lacuna Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 96 13 April 2022 Intermittent lake in Slovenia Template:WGPSN
Eyre Lacuna Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 25.4 21 December 2010 Lake Eyre, an intermittent lake in Australia Template:WGPSN
Jerid Lacuna Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 42.6 21 December 2010 Chott el Djerid, intermittent lake in Tunisia Template:WGPSN
Kutch Lacuna Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 175 3 December 2013 Great Rann of Kutch, intermittent lake on Pakistani-Indian border Template:WGPSN
Melrhir Lacuna Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 23 21 December 2010 Chott Melrhir, intermittent lake in Algeria Template:WGPSN
Nakuru Lacuna Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 188 3 December 2013 Lake Nakuru, intermittent lake in Kenya Template:WGPSN
Ngami Lacuna Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 37.2 21 December 2010 Lake Ngami, in Botswana, and like its terrestrial namesake is considered to be endorheic. Template:WGPSN
Orog Lacuna Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 42 13 April 2022 Intermittent lake in Mongolia Template:WGPSN
Racetrack Lacuna Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 9.9 21 December 2010 Racetrack Playa, intermittent lake in California, USA Template:WGPSN
Uyuni Lacuna Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 27 21 December 2010 Salar de Uyuni, intermittent lake and world's largest salt flat in Bolivia Template:WGPSN
Veliko Lacuna Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 93 20 July 2015 Veliko Lake, intermittent lake in Bosnia-Herzegovina Template:WGPSN
Woytchugga Lacuna Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 449 3 December 2013 Indications are that it is an intermittent lake and so was named in 2013 after Lake Woytchugga near Wilcannia, Australia. Template:WGPSN

Bay names of Titan

Name Coordinates Liquid body Length (km)[note 1] Approval Date Source of name Ref
Arnar Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 101 19 January 2015 Arnar, fjord in Iceland Template:WGPSN
Avacha Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Punga Mare 51 12 March 2020 Avacha Bay in Kamchatka, Russia Template:WGPSN
Baffin Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 110 9 January 2018 Baffin Bay between Canada and Greenland Template:WGPSN
Boni Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 54 9 January 2018 Gulf of Boni in Indonesia Template:WGPSN
Dingle Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 80 9 January 2018 Dingle Bay in Ireland Template:WGPSN
Fagaloa Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Punga Mare 33 14 December 2020 Fagaloa Bay in Upolu Island, Samoa Template:WGPSN
Flensborg Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 115 19 January 2015 Flensburg Firth, fjord between Denmark and Germany Template:WGPSN
Fundy Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Punga Mare 91 12 March 2020 Bay of Fundy in Canada that hosts the world's largest tides[57] Template:WGPSN
Gabes Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 147 19 January 2015 Gabes, or Syrtis minor, a bay in Tunisia Template:WGPSN
Genova Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 125 9 January 2018 Gulf of Genoa in Italy Template:WGPSN
Kumbaru Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 122 19 January 2015 Bay in India Template:WGPSN
Lulworth Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 24 12 March 2020 Lulworth Cove in southern England Template:WGPSN
Maizuru Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 92 9 January 2018 Maizuru Bay in Japan Template:WGPSN
Manza Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 37 9 January 2018 Manza Bay in Tanzania Template:WGPSN
Montego Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 83 13 April 2022 Montego Bay in Jamaica Template:WGPSN
Moray Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 204 19 January 2015 Moray Firth in Scotland Template:WGPSN
Nicoya Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Ligeia Mare 130 19 January 2015 Gulf of Nicoya in Costa Rica Template:WGPSN
Okahu Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 141 19 January 2015 Okahu Bay near Auckland, New Zealand Template:WGPSN
Patos Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Ligeia Mare 103 19 January 2015 Patos, fjord in Chile Template:WGPSN
Puget Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Ligeia Mare 93 19 January 2015 Puget Sound in Washington, United States Template:WGPSN
Rombaken Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Ligeia Mare 92.5 19 January 2015 Rombaken, fjord in Norway Template:WGPSN
Saldanha Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Punga Mare 18 14 December 2020 Saldanha Bay in South Africa Template:WGPSN
Skelton Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 73 19 January 2015 Skelton Glacier near Ross Sea, Antarctica Template:WGPSN
Trold Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 118 19 January 2015 Trold Fiord Formation in Nunavut, Canada Template:WGPSN
Tumaco Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Punga Mare 31 14 December 2020 Tumaco, port city and bay in Colombia Template:WGPSN
Tunu Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 134 19 January 2015 Tunu, fjord in Greenland Template:WGPSN
Wakasa Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Ligeia Mare 146 19 January 2015 Wakasa Bay in Japan Template:WGPSN
Walvis Sinus Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 253 19 January 2015 Walvis Bay in Namibia Template:WGPSN

Island names of Titan

Insula Coordinates Liquid body Diameter (km) Approval Date Named after Ref
Bermoothes Insula Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 124 19 January 2015 Bermoothes, an enchanted island in Shakespeare's Tempest Template:WGPSN
Bimini Insula Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 39 19 January 2015 Bimini, island in Arawak legend said to contain the fountain of youth. Template:WGPSN
Bralgu Insula Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Ligeia Mare 55 19 January 2015 Baralku, in Yolngu culture, the island of the dead and the place where the Djanggawul, the three creator siblings, originated. Template:WGPSN
Buyan Insula Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Ligeia Mare 48 19 January 2015 Buyan, a rocky island in Russian folk tales located on the south shore of Baltic Sea Template:WGPSN
Hawaiki Insulae Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Punga Mare 35 14 December 2020 Hawaiki, original home island of the Polynesian people in local mythology Template:WGPSN
Hufaidh Insulae Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 152 19 January 2015 Hufaidh, legendary island in the marshes of southern Iraq Template:WGPSN
Krocylea Insulae Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 74 19 January 2015 Crocylea, mythological Greek island in the Ionian Sea, near Ithaca Template:WGPSN
Mayda Insula Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 168 11 April 2008 Mayda, legendary island in the northeast Atlantic Template:WGPSN
Meropis Insula Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Punga Mare 30 14 December 2020 Meropis, fictional island mentioned by ancient Greek writer Theopompus in his work Philippica Template:WGPSN
Onogoro Insula Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Punga Mare 15 14 December 2020 Onogoro Island, Japanese mythological island Template:WGPSN
Penglai Insula Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 94 19 January 2015 Penglai, mythological Chinese mountain island where immortals and gods lived. Template:WGPSN
Planctae Insulae Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Ligeia Mare 64 19 January 2015 Symplegades, the "clashing rocks" in Bosphorus which only Argo was said to have successfully passed. Template:WGPSN
Royllo Insula Script error: No such module "Coordinates". Kraken Mare 103 19 January 2015 Royllo, legendary island in the Atlantic, on verge of unknown, near Antilla and Saint Brandan. Template:WGPSN

Image gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ a b c The USGS web site gives size as a "diameter", but it is actually the length in the longest dimension.

References

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  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

External links

Template:Titan

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