Viola palustris

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Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox

Viola palustris (marsh violet or alpine marsh violet) is a perennial forb of the genus Viola. It inhabits moist meadows, marshes, and stream banks in northern parts of North America and Eurasia. The species epithet palustris means "marsh-loving".

Description

File:Viola palustris 6796.JPG
The lateral petals are lightly bearded. The lobed stigma is glabrous.

Viola palustris is a perennial plant that grow to 3 to 21.5 centimeters.[1] During the summer they often form small colonies connected together by pale stolons that root frequently and that are leafy at the nodes.[2][1] Plants will also have slender and fleshy rhizomes, modified underground stems.[1]

All the leaves are basal, attached to the base of the plant rather than to stems, by hairless petioles that are 1 to 17 centimeters long. The leaves do not have lobes, but do have hairless edges that are crenulate, a very fine rounded tooth edge. Their shape varies between reniform, ovate, and orbiculate; like a kidney with an indentation on the side of the leaf attachment, egg shaped with the wider portion towards the base, and circular in shape. They are 0.5–6.4 cm long and 0.5–5.5 cm wide and more or less as long as wide.[1]

The flowers are usually lilac, pale blue, or pale violet on both sides, but are sometimes very pale approaching white.[1] They measure 10 to 13 millimeters across.[3]

The bottom middle petal and sometimes the two petals to either side have violet floral guides.[1] The lateral pair are lightly bearded.[3]

Taxonomy

Viola palustris was given its scientific name by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It has two accepted subspecies, juressi and the autonym palustris. It is part of the genus Viola in the family Violaceae.[4]

The species has Template:Table row counter synonyms of the species or one of its two subspecies.[4][5][6]

Table of Synonyms
Name Year Rank Synonym of: Notes
Viola inodora Gilib.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1782 species subsp. palustris = het., opus utique oppr.
Viola juressi Link ex Cout.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1892 species subsp. juressi ≡ hom.
Viola macloskeyi subsp. pallens (Banks ex Ging.) M.S.BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1953 subspecies subsp. palustris = het.
Viola macloskeyi var. pallens (Banks ex Ging.) C.L.Hitchc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1961 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola pallens (Banks ex Ging.) BrainerdScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1905 species subsp. palustris = het.
Viola paludosa Clairv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1811 species subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris var. angustata Wahlenb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1826 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris proles bourgaei RouyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1908 proles subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris subsp. brevipes M.S.BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1936 subspecies subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris var. brevipes (M.S.Baker) R.J.DavisScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1951 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris var. dimorpha Rouy & FoucaudScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1896 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris subsp. epipsila Rouy & FoucaudScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1896 subspecies subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris subsp. herminii (Wein) Samp.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1935 subspecies subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris f. herminii (Wein) Franco & P.SilvaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1950 form subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris proles herminii WeinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1906 proles subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris var. integrifolia Caball.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1947 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris proles juressi (Link ex Cout.) Samp.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1909 proles subsp. juressi ≡ hom.
Viola palustris f. juressi (Link ex Cout.) Samp.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1911 form subsp. juressi ≡ hom.
Viola palustris var. leimonia J.K.HenryScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1915 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris f. minor Nyman ex Cout.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1926 form subsp. palustris = het., nom. illeg.
Viola palustris var. pensylvanica Ging.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1824 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris subsp. pubifolia E.KutaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1991 subspecies subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris var. rubra GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1821 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris subsp. typica M.S.BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1936 subspecies V. palustris ≡ hom., not validly publ.
Viola palustris f. uliginosa Welw. ex MerinoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1913 form subsp. palustris = het., nom. illeg.
Viola palustris var. uliginosa Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1817 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola pubifolia (E.Kuta) G.H.LoosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 2010 species subsp. palustris = het.
Viola pubinervis Rehmann & Woł.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1893 species subsp. palustris = het.
Viola rotundifolia var. pallens Banks ex Ging.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1824 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym

Names

The species name, palustris, is listed in texts about Botanical Latin with the meaning "marsh loving".[7] It is known by the common names marsh violet or alpine marsh violet.[8][9] It is also sometimes called the northern marsh violet.[9]

Range and habitat

Marsh violets are native to Europe and North America as well as a small area in northern Africa and a portion of western Asia. In Asia it grows just in Western Siberia in Russia. To the east in Europe it is native to almost every country, but is absent from southern Russia, Crimea in Ukraine, European Turkey, Albania, the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, the archipelago of Svalbard, and the Balearic Islands. It is recorded as locally extinct in Hungary. They are found in the Azores in the Atlantic Ocean.[4]

In north America their range includes Greenland and most of Canada except for the Yukon, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island.[4] In the western United States it grows in mountainous areas of Washington, Oregon, northern coastal California, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. It also grows in parts of Nevada and Utah and is reported without specific locations in Arizona, Colorado, and South Dakota. It also has been recorded by the Natural Resources Conservation Service as native to the northeastern states of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.[8]

Marsh violets grow in marshes, fens, swamps, wet forests, and along stream banks. They grow at sea level all the way to 1800 meters in elevation.[1]

Ecology

It is used as a larval foodplant by the pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne) and the small pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria selene), though the small pearl-bordered fritillary prefers the marsh violet and the pearl-bordered fritillary prefers common dog-violet (Viola riviniana). It is also used as a host plant by the dark green fritillary (Speyeria aglaja).[10] It is a known host for Hendersonia violae and Puccinia fergussonii, two pathogenic fungi.[11]

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister-inline

  • Viola in Southwestern Colorado Wildflowers

Template:Taxonbar

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c d Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named POWO
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named POWO subsp. juressi
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named POWO subsp. palustris
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Template:Cite usda plants
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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