Bigfin squid

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Bigfin squids are a group of rarely seen cephalopods with a distinctive morphology. They are placed in the genus Magnapinna and family Magnapinnidae.[1] Although the family was described only from larval, paralarval, and juvenile specimens, numerous video observations of much larger squid with similar morphology are assumed to be adult specimens of the same family.[2]

The arms and tentacles of the squid are both extremely long, estimated at Script error: No such module "convert".. These appendages are held perpendicular to the body, creating "elbows". How the squid feeds is yet to be discovered.[3]

Magnapinna is thought to be the deepest-occurring squid genus, with sightings as deep as Script error: No such module "convert". below the surface, making it the only squid known to inhabit the hadal zone.[4][5]

Taxonomy

Magnapinna is the sister group to Joubiniteuthis, another little-known deep-sea squid with an unusual body plan and long arms. Both Magnapinna and Joubiniteuthis are monotypic genera within their own families, Magnapinnidae and Joubiniteuthidae respectively. They are also closely related to the "whip-lash squid" in the families Chiroteuthidae and Mastigoteuthidae.[6]

Physical specimens

The first record of this family comes from a specimen (Magnapinna talismani) caught off the Azores on 10 August 1883.[7] Due to the damaged nature of the find, little information could be discerned, and it was classified as a mastigoteuthid, first as Chiroteuthopsis talismani[7] and later as Mastigoteuthis talismani. In 1956, a similar squid (Magnapinna sp. C) was caught in the South Atlantic, but little was thought of it at the time. The specimen was illustrated in Alister Hardy's The Open Sea (1956), where it was identified as Octopodoteuthis sicula.[8]

File:Magnapinna talismani.jpg
A juvenile Magnapinna talismani, the first known species from the family, with damaged arms

During the 1980s, two additional immature specimens were found in the Atlantic (Magnapinna sp. A), and three more were found in the Pacific (Magnapinna pacifica). Researchers Michael Vecchione and Richard Young were the chief investigators of the finds, and eventually linked them to the two previous specimens, erecting the family Magnapinnidae in 1998, with Magnapinna pacifica as the type species.[9] Of particular interest was the very large fin size, up to 90% of the mantle length, that was responsible for the animals' common name.

A single specimen of a fifth species, Magnapinna sp. B, was collected in 2006. Magnapinna sp. A was described as Magnapinna atlantica in 2006.[10]

The genus was described from two juveniles and paralarva, none of which had developed the characteristic long arm tips. However, they did all have large fins, and were therefore named "magna pinna", meaning "big fin".[11]

Sightings

The presumed adult stage of Magnapinna is known only from video observations from submersibles, deep sea oil rig cameras, and remotely-operated vehicles (ROVs); no physical specimens have yet been collected, leaving their exact identity unknown. These individuals and the collected juvenile specimens share the large fins and the vermiform arm tips with no suckers, but the iconic elongated arm tips are known only from the presumed adult individuals. Although it has not been directly confirmed whether these squid are the same as the Magnapinna known from specimens, it is largely accepted that they are members of Magnapinnidae.[2][12]

Although observations had been made over a decade earlier, adult bigfin squid only became known to science in 2001, when marine biology student Heather Holston sent footage of what she described as a "21-foot-long squid" to teuthologist Michael Vecchione. The footage had been recorded from an ROV in the Gulf of Mexico in January 2000 at the request of Holston's boyfriend Eric Leveton, who planned on showing it to her. Leveton was a structural engineer aboard the oil-drilling ship Millennium Explorer, who had happened to look into the ROV operation shack when the squid was observed by operators. Although Vecchione initially surmised from Holston's description that the footage might be the first video of a live giant squid (Architeuthis dux), he realized that the video itself portrayed a completely different squid that had no known identity.[13][14][15][16] Template:Block quote Further discussions with other cephalopod researchers found no leads on the identity of the squid, and it was thus dubbed the "mystery squid" for a portion of time. Analysis by Vecchione et al of previous footage from submersibles found other video records of bigfin squid, the earliest from 1988. Around the same time, new high-quality footage of a bigfin squid was also recorded off Hawaii by the ROV Tiburon. In December 2001, Vecchione et al published a paper collating these observations; this was also the first paper to identify them as potential members of the Magnapinnidae, which had been named by Vecchione from the juvenile specimens a few years earlier.[17][14][18] Independent of Vecchione's publication, Guerra et al published a paper the following year analyzing some of the early bigfin squid footage, and also identified them as potential adult magnapinnids.[19]

Anatomy

The specimens in the videos looked very distinct from all previously known squids. Uniquely among cephalopods, the arms and tentacles were of the same length and looked identical (similar to extinct belemnites). The appendages were also held perpendicular to the body, creating the appearance of strange "elbows". Most remarkable was the length of the elastic tentacles, which has been estimated at up to 15–20 times the mantle length. This trait is caused by filament coiling of the tentacles, a trait that is rare among similar species.[3] Estimates based on video evidence put the total length of the largest specimens at Template:Cvt or more, with some estimates up to Template:Cvt.[20] Viewing close-ups of the body and head, it is apparent that the fins are extremely large, being proportionately nearly as big as those of bigfin squid larvae. While they do appear similar to the larvae, no specimens or samples of the adults have been taken. While their exact identity is unknown, all of the discovered specimens can be observed to have a beige color body, translucent fins, near-white tentacles, and dark eyes.[3] These species of squids are mainly identifiable by their long thin arms and specific colors. The squid also have a unique brachial crown that sets them aside from other known families.[9]

Feeding behaviour

Little is known about the feeding-behaviour of these squids. Scientists have speculated that the bigfin squid feeds by dragging their arms and tentacles along the seafloor and grabbing edible organisms from the floor.[21] Alternatively, they may simply use a trapping technique, waiting passively for prey such as zooplankton[11] to bump into their arms[21] (see Cephalopod intelligence). The diet of the bigfin squid is unknown. However, cephalopods are known to feed on crustaceans, jellyfish, and even other cephalopods.[22]

Observation timeline

The first visual record of an adult bigfin squid was in September 1988. The crew of the submersible Nautile encountered a bigfin squid off the coast of northern Brazil, Script error: No such module "Coordinates"., at a depth of Script error: No such module "convert".. In July 1992, the Nautile again encountered these creatures, observing two individuals during a dive off the coast of Ghana at Script error: No such module "Coordinates"., first at Script error: No such module "convert". depth, and then again at Script error: No such module "convert".. Both were filmed and photographed.[19] In November 1998, the Japanese crewed submersible Shinkai 6500 filmed another bigfin squid in the Indian Ocean south of Mauritius, at Script error: No such module "Coordinates". and Script error: No such module "convert"..[23]

Eric Leveton's video, which was later shared with Vecchione, was taken from the remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) of the oil-drilling ship Millennium Explorer in January 2000, at Mississippi Canyon in the Gulf of Mexico (Script error: No such module "Coordinates".) at Script error: No such module "convert"., and allowed for a size estimate. By comparison with the visible parts of the ROV, the squid was estimated to measure Script error: No such module "convert". with arms fully extended.[19] The Nautile filmed another Indian Ocean specimen at Script error: No such module "Coordinates". and Script error: No such module "convert"., in the area of Rodrigues Island, in May 2000.[19] In October 2000, the crewed submersible Alvin found another bigfin squid at Script error: No such module "convert". in Template:Ill, Gulf of Mexico (Script error: No such module "Coordinates".).

These videos did not receive any media attention; most were brief and fairly blurry. In May 2001, approximately ten minutes of crisp footage of a bigfin squid were acquired by ROV Tiburon, causing a flurry of attention when released.[24] These were taken in the Pacific Ocean north of Oʻahu, Hawaii (Script error: No such module "Coordinates".), at Script error: No such module "convert".. This video and the pre-2001 videos (which had not previously received much scientific attention) were documented by Vecchione et al in a paper that year, and some of the earlier footage was further analyzed by Guerra et al (2002).[17][19]

On 11 November 2007, a bigfin squid was filmed off Perdido, a drilling-site owned by Shell Oil Company, located Script error: No such module "convert". off Houston, Texas in the Gulf of Mexico. The ROV that filmed the squid had originally been sent to retrieve drilling equipment from the seabed, and encountered the squid floating near a well. After being circulated within the oil industry, the footage was shared with National Geographic News to have its identity determined, and was released to the public in 2008. This video received significant online attention in the years since its filming.[21][25][26]

File:Magnapinna sp. - Expl8176.jpg
A bigfin squid filmed by Okeanos Explorer in 2021

Observations of bigfin squid were made in the Great Australian Bight during towed camera and remote operated vehicle surveys in 2015 and 2017 respectively.[3] In 2018, the first observations of a bigfin squid were made from the Southern Caribbean, off the coast of Colombia.[27]

In March 2021, during the expedition to document the wreck of the USS Johnston, the submersible DSV Limiting Factor recorded footage of a juvenile bigfin squid from the Philippine Trench at a depth of Script error: No such module "convert".. This is the deepest observation of any squid, and rivalled only by some unidentified cirrate octopods from the same habitat as the deepest observation of any cephalopod. This makes Magnapinna the first squid known to inhabit the hadal zone.[4][5]

On 9 November 2021, a video of a bigfin squid was captured at a ridge feature off the West Florida Escarpment by an ROV from the NOAAS Okeanos Explorer as part of the Windows to the Deep 2021 expedition.[28][29] The squid was found at a depth of Script error: No such module "convert"..[30]

ROV SuBastian of Schmidt Ocean Institute observed a bigfin squid in close proximity to a black smoker-type hydrothermal vent on 4 April 2023, during the "In Search of Hydrothermal Lost Cities" expedition. The squid was seen at a depth of Template:Cvt.[31]

List

Date - Dates are given to the level of precision available from the source material - telemetry displayed is used for observations where an ROV video is the primary source

Observer - Corresponds either to the person who collected the specimen; the vessel the specimen was collected on, or the vessel that observed the specimen for video-only observations.

Location - Given in Latitude/Longitude when available, otherwise the general region is given. For ROV dives with navigation data available, a link to the corresponding dive track is given, unless a more precise location is specified by a secondary source. Some coordinates from commercial ROVs are specified via UTM rather than Latitude/Longitude.

Depth - Supplied based on precision available from collection method for physical specimens; otherwise telemetry from ROV observations is used.

# Date Observer Location Depth Comment Sources Video Collected Catalog #
1 Aug 10, 1883 Talisman Expedition 34°46'N, 36°11'W 3175m Juvenile or sub-adult, damaged during trawl and missing arms. Retrieved near the Azores. Designated "Chiroteuthopsis Talismani" [32] N/A Yes MNHN-IM-1999-23523
2 September 9th, 1924 S. S. Pickle Cape Town 240fms Magnapinna sp. C. Collected during surveys by John Gilchrist off South Africa in 1924. Designated "Octopodoteuthopsis sp. A" by G. C. Robson [33][10][34] N/A Yes BMNH 1924.9.9.48
3 March 18th, 1954 J. E. Fitch 30°22'N, 129°45'W N/A From Alepisaurus ferox stomach caught by observer [9] N/A Yes USNM 885787
4 May 2-3, 1961 R/V "Chain" 11°13'N, 29°54'W to 11°21'N,30°06'W 0-125fms Cruise 17

R.H. Backus

[35] N/A Yes MCZ Malacology 370373
5 Jan 16, 1966 R/V Anton Bruun -34.016666°, -84.966666° 0-2900m Magnapinna pacifica [36] N/A Yes MCZ Malacology 392887
6 1985-1987 N/A Off Oahu 0-300m Unknown larva, described as "big-fin" [37] N/A Yes SBMNH 144791
7 Sept 11th, 1988 Nautile 10°42.9'N, 40°53.4'W 4735m Vermanaute expedition, RV Nadir supporting

[38]

Magnapinna Archive No N/A
8 July 1992 Nautile 3°40'N, 2°30'W 3010m Equanaute expedition, RV Nadir supporting

Template:R

N/A No N/A
9 July 1992 Nautile 3°40'N, 2°30'W 2950m Equanaute expedition, RV Nadir supporting, possibly same individual from 9

Template:R

N/A No N/A
10 April 23, 1995 David Starr Jordan 33°49'N, 121°51'W 0-200m Cruise 9505, Station 24

Template:R

N/A Yes USNM 885786
11 September 16th, 1995 N/A 27°09'N, 86°07'W N/A M. atlantica holotype

Template:R

N/A Yes USNM 1086800
12 June 21st, 1997 Discovery 37°14'N, 32°18'W N/A Captured at Discovery station 13198 #7

Template:R

N/A Yes BNMH 20060134
13 November 1, 1998 DSV Shinkai 6500 32°45'S,57°1'E 2340m Shinkai 6500 Dive 460

Cruise YK98-08 MODE'98 Leg4 - Atlantis II Fracture Zone -

[39]

JAMSTEC J-EDI No N/A
14 January 2000 Commercial ROV 28°37'N,88°00'W 2195m ROV operating from Millenium Explorer

Template:R[40]

Smithsonian Youtube No N/A
15 May 2000 Nautile 19°32'S, 65°52'E 2576m Gimnaut expedition, RV Atalante supporting

Template:R

N/A No N/A
16 October 2000 DSV Alvin 27°34.7'N,88°30.6'W 1940m RV Atlantis supporting DSV Alvin, WHOI cruise AT3-58

Template:R[41]

Smithsonian Youtube Smithsonian Youtube No N/A
17 May 16th, 2001 Tiburon 21.9°N, 158.2° W 3380m RV Western Flyer supporting ROV Tiburon Hawaii Cruise

Template:R[42]

MBARI Youtube No N/A
18 September 4th, 2001 Kaikō ROV 19.13000, -155.09720[43] 2586m KAIKO Dive 208 Cruise KR01-12_leg2 [44] JAMSTEC J-EDI No N/A
19 September 13th, 2001 Kaikō ROV 19.83670, -154.54330[43] 3890m KAIKO Dive 215 Cruise KR01-12_leg2 [45] JAMSTEC J-EDI No N/A
20 November 26th, 2003 Hercules 8 26°10'48"N, 94°37'23"W 2750m Discoverer Deep Seas supporting ROV Hercules 8 [46] Magnapinna Archive No N/A
21 December 29th, 2003 Hercules 8 26°15'N, 94°40'W 3050m Discoverer Deep Seas supporting ROV Hercules 8 [47] N/A No N/A
22 July 11th, 2004 R/V G.O. Sars 42°8'N, 29°3'W N/A Bergen Museum

MAR-ECO cruise super station 46, local station 374

Template:R N/A Yes ZMBN 77634
23 May, 2006 R/V R.S Carney 2928-2489m 26°05'00"N, 94°36'30"W Badly damaged adult male Template:R N/A Yes FMNH 308253
24 May 30th, 2006 DSV Alvin 2739m 26°10'51"N, 94°37'22"W RV Atlantis AT15-03 Dive 4195, subadult male [48] N/A Yes FMNH 308252
25 November 2007 RV Polarstern 3°13'N,15°00'W 1000-2000m Cruise ANT XXIV-4 [49] N/A Yes N/A
26 November 11th, 2007 Commercial ROV N9485524.76, E1017934.76 (26°07'39.0"N 94°53'51.7"W) converted from UTM 2500m Shell Perdido, Alaminos Canyon Block 857 [50][21] Magnapinna Archive No N/A
27 January 16th, 2009 Triton XLS-22 Alaminos Canyon Block 258 2453m TXLS-22 from support vessel DMT Emerald Unpublished SERPENT Project Magnapinna Archive No N/A
28 June 8th, 2009 Commercial ROV N1026271.0, E9486831.5 2593m "Eastern Array Installation" Unpublished SERPENT Project Magnapinna Archive No N/A
29 Feb 25th, 2011 M/V Meg Skansi ONSAP Station B246N 200-600m Collected by MOC10 net sampling during M/V Meg Skansi cruise MS6 as part of DEEPEND-RESTORETemplate:R [51] N/A Yes N/A
30 Sep 15th, 2011 M/V Meg Skansi ONSAP Station SE5D 200-600m Collected by MOC10 net sampling during M/V Meg Skansi cruise MS8 as part of DEEPEND-RESTORETemplate:R [51] N/A Yes N/A
31 April 27th, 2012 Little Hercules See dive track 1961m NOAA Okeanos Explorer EX2012 Leg3 Dive 13 [52] ROV View Camera Platform View No N/A
32 July 10th, 2013 Commercial ROV Walker Ridge 95 1578.4m Unpublished Serpent Project Magnapinna Archive No N/A
33 July 29th, 2013 Commercial ROV Mississippi Canyon block 525 1784m Unpublished Serpent Project Magnapinna Archive No N/A
34 November 14th, 2013 Oceaneering Millenium #57 26.13 N 94.88 W 2388m OCS Study BOEM 2020-022 [53]Template:Rp N/A No N/A
35 June 12th, 2014 Oceaneering Millenium #115 28.15 N 87.60 W 2278m OCS Study BOEM 2020-022 Template:R N/A No N/A
36 April 23rd, 2014 Abyssal Lander -37.2200 S -179.7740 W 4708m RV Thomas G. Thompson TN309, HADES [54] N/A No N/A
37 June 27th, 2014 ROV Hercules 28:43.2808 N 088:06.5962 W 1687m Nautilus Expedition NA043 [55]Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Unexpected Biology in the Gulf of Mexico No N/A
38 November 2nd, 2014 Oceaneering Millenium #115 28.59 N 87.84 W 2317m OCS Study BOEM 2020-022 Template:R N/A No N/A
39 November 15th, 2015 Towed Camera -34.432, 129.987 2178m RV Investigator [56] Supplemental Video 1 No N/A
40 November 16th, 2015 Towed Camera -34.377, 129.985 2110m RV Investigator Template:R Supplemental Video 2 No N/A
41 January 19, 2016 ROV Victor 3664m Pourquoi Pas? [57]Template:Rp Magnapinna Archive No N/A
42 February 14th, 2017 Commercial ROV 9°12'25.732"N, 76°49'55.091"W 1884m Old Purple Angel Well [58] Magnapinna Archive No N/A
43 March 24th, 2017 FCV 3000 work-class ROV -35.049, 130.905 3060m REM Etive Template:R Supplemental Video 3 No N/A
44 March 25th, 2017 FCV 3000 work-class ROV -35.049, 130.902 3002m REM Etive Template:R Supplemental Video 4 No N/A
45 March 25th, 2017 FCV 3000 work-class ROV -35.050, 130.904 3056m REM Etive Template:R Supplemental Video 5 No N/A
46 April 14th, 2017 Commercial ROV 9°25'59.282"N, 76°44'54.110"W 2294.20m Gorgon 1 Well Template:R N/A No N/A
47 June 3rd, 2018 N/A 30.0255, -19.758333 100-200m Pelagic trawl [59] N/A Yes ICMC000146
48 September 3rd, 2019 ROV SuBastian 1092m ROV SuBastian Dive 295, Necker Ridge: Bridge or Barrier [60] Dive 295 - 6:58:03 No N/A
49 January 28th, 2020 ROV SuBastian 3000m ROV SuBastian Dive 312, The Great Australian Deep-sea Coral and Canyon Adventure [61] Dive 312 - 2:00:36 No N/A
50 March 2021 DSV Limiting Factor Philippine Trench 6212m [62]Template:R See inline video No N/A
51 December 2021 ROPOS Central Indian Ocean 3000m INDEX 2021, supporting RV Pelagia[63] [64] ROV ROPOS No N/A
52 November 9th, 2021 Deep Discoverer See dive track Dive 10, Windows to the Deep 2:56:25 [65] Highlight No N/A
53 April 4th, 2023 ROV SuBastian Puy Des Folles Seamount 1931m ROV SuBastian Dive 501, In Search of Lost Hydrothermal Cities [66] Dive 501 - 9:33:44 No N/A
54 September 2024 DSV Bakunawa Tonga Trench - Pacific Ocean 3300m Tonga Trench Expedition [67] Inkfish Expeditions No N/A
55 October 2025 ROV Hercules -17.5260, -159.6761 5180m Nautilus Expedition NA176, Dive L1011 [68] Rare Bigfin Squid Spotted in Deep Sea of Cook Islands No N/A

See also

References

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External links

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