MAGIC (telescope)
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Infobox Telescope MAGIC (Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov Telescopes, later renamed to MAGIC Florian Goebel Telescopes) is a system of two Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes situated at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma, one of the Canary Islands, at about Script error: No such module "convert". above sea level. MAGIC detects particle showers released by gamma rays, using the Cherenkov radiation, i.e., faint light radiated by the charged particles in the showers. With a diameter of Script error: No such module "convert". for the reflecting surface, it was the largest in the world before the construction of H.E.S.S. II.
The first telescope was built in 2004 and operated for five years in standalone mode. A second MAGIC telescope (MAGIC-II), at a distance of Script error: No such module "convert". from the first one, started taking data in July 2009. Together they integrate the MAGIC telescope stereoscopic system.[1]
MAGIC is sensitive to cosmic gamma rays with photon energies between Script error: No such module "val". (later lowered to Script error: No such module "val".) and Script error: No such module "val". due to its large mirror; other ground-based gamma-ray telescopes typically observe gamma energies above Script error: No such module "val".. Gamma-ray astronomy also utilizes satellite-based detectors, which can detect gamma-rays in the energy range from keV up to several GeV.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Aims
The goals of the telescope are to detect and study primarily photons coming from:
- Accretion of black holes in active galactic nuclei
- Supernova remnants, due to their interest as sources of cosmic rays.
- Other galactic sources such as pulsar wind nebulae or X-ray binaries.[2][3]
- Unidentified EGRET or Fermi sources
- Gamma ray bursts
- Annihilation of dark matter
Observations
MAGIC has found pulsed gamma-rays at energies higher than Script error: No such module "val". coming from the Crab Pulsar. The presence of such high energies indicates that the gamma-ray source is far out in the pulsar's magnetosphere, in contradiction with many models.[4]
In 2006 MAGIC detected very high energy cosmic rays from the quasar 3C 279, which is 5 billion light years from Earth. This doubles the previous record distance from which very high energy cosmic rays have been detected. The signal indicated that the universe is more transparent than previously thought based on data from optical and infrared telescopes.[5]
MAGIC did not observe cosmic rays resulting from dark matter decays in the dwarf galaxy Draco.[6] This strengthens the known constraints on dark matter models.
A much more controversial observation is an energy dependence in the speed of light of cosmic rays coming from a short burst of the blazar Markarian 501 on July 9, 2005. Photons with energies between Script error: No such module "val". arrived 4 minutes after those in a band between Script error: No such module "val".. The average delay was Script error: No such module "val". of energy of the photon. If the relation between the space velocity of a photon and its energy is linear, then this translates into the fractional difference in the speed of light being equal to minus the photon's energy divided by Script error: No such module "val".. The researchers have suggested that the delay could be explained by the presence of quantum foam, the irregular structure of which might slow down photons by minuscule amounts only detectable at cosmic distances such as in the case of the blazar.[7][8]
Technical specifications
Each telescope has the following specifications:
- A collecting area Script error: No such module "convert". consisting of 956 Script error: No such module "convert". aluminium individual reflectors
- A lightweight carbon fibre frame
- A detector consisting of 396 separate hexagonal photomultiplier detectors in the center (diameter: Script error: No such module "convert".) surrounded by 180 larger photomultiplier detectors (diameter: Script error: No such module "convert".).
- Data are transferred in analogue form by fibre optic cables
- Signal digitization is done via an ADC (analog-to-digital converter) with a Script error: No such module "val". sampling rate
- Total weight of Script error: No such module "convert".
- Reaction time to move to any position of the sky less than 22 seconds[9]
Each mirror of the reflector is a sandwich of an aluminum honeycomb, Script error: No such module "convert". plate of AlMgSi alloy, covered with a thin layer of quartz to protect the mirror surface from aging. The mirrors have spherical shape with a curvature corresponding to the position of the plate in the paraboloid reflector. The reflectivity of the mirrors is around 90%. The focal spot has a size of roughly half a pixel size (<0.05°).
Directing the telescope to different elevation angles causes the reflector to deviate from its ideal shape due to the gravity. To counteract this deformation, the telescope is equipped with an Active Mirror Control system. Four mirrors are mounted on each panel, which is equipped with actuators that can adjust its orientation in the frame.
The signal from the detector is transmitted over Script error: No such module "convert". of optical fibers. The signal is digitized and stored in a Script error: No such module "val". ring buffer. The readout of the ring buffer results in a dead time of Script error: No such module "val"., which corresponds to about 2% dead time at the design trigger rate of Script error: No such module "val".. The readout is controlled by an FPGA (Xilinx) chip on a PCI (MicroEnable) card. The data is saved to a RAID0 disk systemTemplate:Why? at a rate up to Script error: No such module "val"., which results in up to Script error: No such module "val". raw data per night.[9]
Collaborating institutions
Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Physicists from over twenty institutions in Germany, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Croatia, Finland, Poland, India, Bulgaria and Armenia collaborate in using MAGIC; the largest groups are at
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, MedioAmbientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Spain
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Spain
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Spain
- ETHZ, Zürich, Switzerland
- UNIGE, Geneva, Switzerland
- Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN, University of Padua, Italy
- Tuorla Observatory, Piikkiö, Finland
- Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN, University of Siena, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN, University of Udine, Italy
- TU Dortmund University, Germany
- University of Würzburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Germany
- Institute for Particle Physics, Zürich, Switzerland
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), Italy
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Croatian MAGIC Consortium (Institute Ruđer Bošković, Zagreb; University of Split, Split; University of Rijeka, Rijeka), Croatia
See also
References
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".