Omphiscola glabra
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Omphiscola glabra, commonly known as the pond mud snail,[1] is a species of small to medium-size, air-breathing, freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae.[2] Omphiscola glabra is the type species of the genus Omphiscola.[3]
Distribution
This European snail can be found from southern Scandinavia (61° N) to southern Spain.[4]
- endangered in Germany. Critically endangered in Western Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Hessen). Extinct in Bavaria.[4]
- Netherlands
- one site in the south east of Ireland was found in 2009, but it is listed as extinct on the local Red List (2009).[5]
- vulnerable in Great Britain[4]
The distribution of Omphiscola glabra is very scattered and rare.[4] It is seriously threatened, and has become locally extinct in many places.[4] It is threatened by continuing habitat destruction because of drainage and intensive farming.[4] Acriculturally induced eutrophication is also a threat. Omphiscola glabra has disappeared widely from urbanized areas such as London.[4]
Shell description
The shell is strongly cylindrical, horny, often with a brownish or blackish surface, the apex is blunt, 7–8 moderately convex whorls, with last whorl being twice as high as the narrow aperture, and with aperture often with white lip.[4]
The height of the shell is 9–12 mm,[4] up to 15 mm[6] or up to 20 mm.[4] The width of the shell is 3–4 mm,[4] up to 5.5 mm.[6]
Habitat
This snail lives in places such as swampy meadows and ditches.[7]
Omphiscola glabra is said to occur in small areas of standing water that have a lot of vegetation such as swamps, and also in standing forest waters with leaf litter, often in water with organic iron contents and low calcium contents.[4]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
In Central France, the populations of Omphiscola glabra are currently declining because its habitat is threatened by modern agricultural practices.[8]
In Britain however, this species occurs in small standing waters that are low in nutrients, with poor aquatic flora, often in waters drying out periodically.[4] They usually do not occur in habitats with high molluscan diversity, and usually in habitats on uncultivated land.[4] They are calciphile and have a pH tolerance of 5.4–8.8.[4]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Reproduction begins in May.[4] Juveniles hatch after 15–25 days.[4] Omphiscola glabra has two generations per year.[4]
Parasites
Omphiscola glabra can serve as an intermediate host for several digenean trematodes. In France, Omphiscola glabra is naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica,[9] Calicophoron daubneyi,[10] and Haplometra cylindracea;[11] in all, seven digenean species parasitize O. glabra in the Brenne Regional Natural Park, central France.[12] Moreover, a report suggests that the species is also susceptible to Fascioloides magna infection.[13]
References
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.[4]
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- ↑ Glöer P. (2002). Überfamilie Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque 1815. Familie Lymnaeidae Lamarck 1812. In: Glöer P. (ed.) Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord-und Mitteleuropas. Bestimmungschlüssel, Lebensweise, Verbreitung. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands 73. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, pp. 200–232.
- ↑ "Species in genus Omphiscola". AnimalBase, accessed 31 July 2010.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Species summary for Omphiscola glabra". AnimalBase. Last modified 24-02-2009, accessed 31 July 2010.
- ↑ Anderson R. (2009). "Value of species datasets as baselines (non-marine Mollusca)" Template:Webarchive. accessed 31 July 2010.
- ↑ a b Template:In lang Jackiewicz M. (2000). Blotniarky Europy (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae). Wydawnictwo Kontekst, Poznań. 115 pp.
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External links
- Omphiscola glabra at Animalbase taxonomy, short description, distribution, biology, status (threats), images