List of Sardinian monarchs
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Sardinia is traditionally known to have been initially ruled by the Nuragic civilization, which was followed by Greek colonization, conquest by the Carthaginians, and occupied by the Romans for around a thousand years, including the rule of the Vandals in the 5th and 6th centuries CE. Before the foundation of the Kingdom of Sardinia, Sardinia was ruled by judices, and some rulers obtained the title of King of Sardinia by the Holy Roman Emperor but did not gain effective authority to rule it.
The title of as Rex Sardiniae et Corsicae (King of Sardinia and Corsica) was first established in 1297, when Pope Boniface VIII gave a royal investiture to James II of Aragon. The Crown of Aragon started effectively ruling Sardinia in 1323. Until 1479, when Ferdinand II of Aragon acknowledged Corsica as part of the Republic of Genoa, rulers of Sardinia used the nominal title of Rex Corsicae (King of Corsica). Corsica had been effectively ruled by Genoa since 1284 and the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica had been renamed simply Kingdom of Sardinia in 1460, when it was incorporated into a sort of confederation of states, each with its own institutions, called the Crown of Aragon, and united only in the person of the king.
Monarchs of the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica from 1323 and then of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1479 to 1861 included the House of Barcelona (1323–1410) and the House of Trastámara (1412–1516), the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg (1516–1700) and the House of Bourbon (1700–1708), and the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg (1708–1720). In 1720, the Kingdom of Sardinia was ceded to the House of Savoy, which ruled Sardinia–Piedmont until 1861, when it changed its name to the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946). During its existence from 1297 to 1861, 24 sovereigns from seven different dynasties succeeded one another on the throne of the kingdom.
Early history
Owing to the absence of written sources, little is known of the history of the Nuraghic civilization, which constructed impressive megalithic structures between the 18th and the 12th centuries BCE. The first accounts of Sardinia are from Greek sources but relate more to myth than to historical reality. An African or Iberian hero, Norax, named the city of Nora; Sardo, a son of Hercules, gave the island its name; and one of his nephews, Iolaus, founded the city of Olbia.[1] Greek colonization of the city of Olbia has been confirmed by recent archaeological excavations.[2] Towards the end of the 6th century BC, Sardinia was conquered by the Carthaginians and in 238 BC it was occupied by the Romans for c. 1,000 years, with a period under the dominion of the Vandals in the 5th and 6th centuries CE.
Early medieval rulers
- Godas 533–535
According to Procopius,[3] Godas was a Vandal governor of Sardinia who rebelled against his king, Gelimer, who ruled northern Africa, Sardinia and Corsica. Procopius wrote that Godas behaved like a king but that it was a short-lived kingdom.[4] Godas was defeated and killed after two years by an expedition from Carthage led by King Gelimer's brother, Tzazo. Shortly afterwards, Roman troops sent by Emperor Justinianus and led by General Belisarius, totally annihilated the Vandal kingdom and Sardinia returned to Roman administration.
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Vandal coin found in Sardinia depicting Godas (REX CVDA).
Judges
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Before the Kingdom of Sardinia was founded, the rulers of the island were known as archons (ἄρχοντες in Greek) or "judges" (iudices in Latin, judices in Sardinian, giudici in Italian).[5][6] The island was organized into one "judicatus" from the 9th century. After the Muslim conquest of Sicily in the 9th century, the Byzantines (who ruled Sardinia) could no longer defend their isolated far western province. In all likelihood a local noble family came to power, still identifying themselves as vassals of the Byzantines but in reality independent since communication with Constantinople was very difficult. Of those rulers, only two names are known: Salusios (Σαλούσιος) and the protospatharios Turcoturios (Tουρκοτούριος),[7][8][9] who probably reigned some time in the 10th and 11th centuries. They were still closely linked to the Byzantines, both by a pact of ancient vassalage[10] and culturally, with the use of the Greek language (in a country of the Romance language) and Byzantine art. In the early 11th century, Muslims based in Spain attempted to conquer the island.[11] The only records of that war are from Pisan and Genoese chronicles.[12] The Christians won but afterwards the previous Sardinian kingdom had been undermined and was divided into four small judicati: Cagliari (Calari), Arborea (Arbaree), Gallura, Torres or Logudoro.
- List of judges of Arborea, c. 1070–1410
- List of judges of Cagliari, c. 1060–1258
- List of judges of Gallura, c. 1070–1288
- List of judges of Logudoro, c. 1060–1259
Occasionally, these rulers took the style of king (rex):
- 1113–1128 Constantine I, Judge of Torres
- 1128–1150 Gonario II, Judge of Torres
Nominal kings
Some rulers obtained the title King of Sardinia (Rex Sardiniae) by grant of the Holy Roman Emperor, despite the emperor itself not having any sovereignty over the island, which made this a mere title with no effective authority over Sardinia:[13]
- Barisone II of Arborea,[14] who was the crowned King of Sardinia (1164–1165) by Emperor Frederick I but officially renounced his title in a peace treaty with the other judices in 1172.[15]
- Enzo of Sardinia from the Hohenstaufen (1238–1245), who was the illegitimate son of Emperor Frederick II and was appointed by his father as King of Sardinia (1238–1245). In 1249, he was captured by his enemies and imprisoned in Bologna, where he died 23 years later.
- Philip of Sicily, second son of Charles I of Anjou and his first wife Beatrice, was elected king of Sardinia by the local Guelphs in 1269, but without the pope's consent.Template:Sfn He died childless in 1278.Template:Sfn
Kings of Sardinia and Corsica
In 1297, James II of Aragon received royal investiture from Pope Boniface VIII and obtained the title King of Sardinia and Corsica (Rex Sardiniae et Corsicae); however, the Aragonese did not take possession of the island until 1323, after a victorious military campaign against the Pisans. The Sardinian royal title did not have a specific line of succession and all kings used their own primary title.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The kingdom was initially called Script error: No such module "Lang". (Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica), changed in 1460 to Script error: No such module "Lang". (Kingdom of Sardinia), in that it was originally meant to also include the neighbouring island of Corsica, which had been effectively ruled by Genoa since 1284 until its status as a Genoese land was eventually acknowledged by Ferdinand II of Aragon, who dropped the last original bit mentioning Corsica in 1479;[16] since then, the coinage minted since the establishment of the kingdom also bore the reference to Sardinia only.[17] From 1297 until 1861, there were 24 kings through seven dynasties that ruled Sardinia.[18]
House of Barcelona (Aragon), 1323–1410
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|-
||James II of Aragon
1323–1327||James I||10 August 1267
Valencia
son of Peter I and Constance of Sicily||Isabella of Castile
1 December 1291
No children
Blanche of Anjou
29 October 1295
10 children
Marie de Lusignan
15 June 1315
No children
Elisenda de Montcada
25 December 1322
No children||5 November 1327
Barcelona
aged 60
|-
| Alfonso IV of Aragon
1327–1336|| Alfonso I ||1299
Naples
son of James II of Aragon and Blanche of Anjou|| Teresa d'Entença
1314
7 children
Eleanor of Castile
2 children || 27 January 1336
Barcelona
aged 37
|-
| Peter IV of Aragon
1336–1387 || Peter ||5 October 1319
Balaguer
son of Alfonso IV and Teresa d'Entença||Maria of Navarre
1338
2 children
Leonor of Portugal
1347
No children
Eleanor of Sicily
27 August 1349
4 children || 5 January 1387
Barcelona
aged 68
|-
| John I of Aragon
1387–1396|| Peter IV ||27 December 1350
Perpignan
son of Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily||Martha of Armagnac
27 March 1373
1 child
Yolande of Bar
1380
3 children || 19 May 1396
Foixà
aged 46
|-
| Martin of Aragon
1396–1410 || Martin I || 1356
Girona
son of Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily||Maria de Luna
13 June 1372
4 children
Margarita of Aragon-Prades
17 September 1409
No children||31 May 1410
Barcelona
aged 54
|}
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Coat of arms
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Arms of the House of Barcelona
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The king of Aragon in Le grand armorial équestre de la Toison d'or
House of Trastámara, 1412–1516
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|-
| Ferdinand I of Aragon
1412–1416 || Ferdinand I || 27 November 1380
Medina del Campo
son of John I of Castile and Eleanor of Aragon||Eleanor of Alburquerque
1394
8 children|| 2 April 1416
Igualada
aged 36
|-
| Alfonso V of Aragon
1416–1458|| Alfonso V || 1396
Medina del Campo
son of Ferdinand I and Eleanor of Alburquerque||Maria of Castile
1415
No children|| 27 June 1458
Naples
aged 52
|}
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Coat of arms
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Arms of the Aragonese House of Trastámara
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Kings of Sardinia
House of Trastámara, 1412–1516
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|-
| John II of Aragon
1458–1479|| John II || 29 June 1398
Medina del Campo
son of Ferdinand I and Eleanor of Alburquerque|| Blanche I of Navarre
6 November 1419
4 children
Juana Enríquez
April 1444
2 children ||20 January 1479
Barcelona
aged 80
|-
| Ferdinand II of Aragon
1479–1516|| Ferdinand II || 10 March 1452
son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez|| Isabella I of Castile
19 October 1469
5 children
Germaine of Foix
1505
No children ||23 January 1516
Madrigalejo
aged 63
|-
| Joanna of Castile
1516–1555|| Joanna || 6 November 1479
daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile|| Philip IV of Burgundy,
1496
6 children|| 12 April 1555
Madrigalejo
aged 75
|}
Nominally co-monarch of her son Charles, Joanna was kept imprisoned almost during her whole reign.
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House of Habsburg (Spanish branch), 1516–1700
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|-
| Charles I of Spain
co-king with his mother Joanna
1516–1556 || Charles IV || 24 February 1500
Ghent
son of Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile||Isabella of Portugal
10 March 1526
3 children ||21 September 1558
Yuste
aged 58
|-
| Philip II of Spain
1556–1598 || Philip I || 21 May 1527
Valladolid
son of Charles IV and Isabella of Portugal||Maria of Portugal
1543
1 child
Mary I of England
1554
No children
Elisabeth of Valois
1559
2 children
Anna of Austria
4 May 1570
5 children||13 September 1598
Madrid
aged 71
|-
| Philip III of Spain
1598–1621|| Philip II || 14 April 1578
Madrid
son of Philip I and Anna of Austria||Margaret of Austria
18 April 1599
5 children||31 March 1621
Madrid
aged 42
|-
| Philip IV of Spain
1621–1665|| Philip III || 8 April 1605
Valladolid
son of Philip II and Margaret of Austria||Elisabeth of Bourbon
1615
7 children
Mariana of Austria
1649
5 children
||17 September 1665
Madrid
aged 60
|-
| Charles II of Spain
1665–1700|| Charles V || 6 November 1661
Madrid
son of Philip III and Mariana of Austria||Maria Luisa of Orléans
19 November 1679
No children
Maria Anna of Neuburg
14 May 1690
No children
||1 November 1700
Madrid
aged 38
|}
Coat of arms
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Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia, middle of 16th century
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Coat of arms of Emperor Charles V
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Coat of arms of the House of Habsburg, Spanish branch (Sardinian variant)
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House of Bourbon (Spanish branch) 1700–1708
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|-
| Philip V of Spain
1700–1708|| Charles V || 19 December 1683
Versailles
son of Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Anna of Bavaria||Maria Luisa of Savoy
2 November 1701
4 children
Elisabeth of Parma
24 December 1714
7 children
||9 July 1746
Madrid
aged 62
|}
Sardinia was taken over by Habsburg troops in 1708 during the War of the Spanish Succession in the name of the Habsburg claimant to the Spanish throne, "Charles III". At the end of the war, Sardinia remained in Charles' possession and, by the Treaty of Rastatt, was ceded to him.
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Coat of arms
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Coat of arms of Philip V of Spain
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House of Habsburg (Austrian branch), 1708–1720
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| Emperor Charles VI
1708–1720 || Charles VI || 1 October 1685
Vienna
son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg||Elisabeth Christine
1 August 1708
4 children|| 20 October 1740
Vienna
aged 55
|}
Spanish forces invaded the kingdom in 1717 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. The island was under Spanish military occupation until 1720, when it was given back to Emperor Charles VI, who in turn ceded it to the Duke of Savoy by the Treaty of The Hague.
Coat of arms
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Coat of arms of Archduke Charles of Austria
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House of Savoy, 1720–1861
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The monarchs of the House of Savoy ruled from their mainland capital of Turin but styled themselves primarily with the royal title of Sardinia as superior to their original lesser dignity as Dukes of Savoy; however, their numeral order continued the Savoyard list.
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| Victor Amadeus II of Savoy
17 February 1720 – 3 September 1730|| Victor Amadeus || 14 May 1666
Turin
son of Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy and Marie Jeanne of Savoy||Anne Marie d'Orléans, Princess of France
10 April 1684
6 children||31 October 1732
Moncalieri
aged 66
|-
| Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy
3 September 1730 – 20 February 1773|| Charles Emmanuel III || 27 April 1701
Turin
son of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia and Anne Marie d'Orléans, Princess of France||Anne Christine of Sulzbach
15 March 1722
1 child
Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg
20 August 1724
6 children
Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine
5 March 1737
3 children||20 February 1773
Turin
aged 72
|-
| Victor Amadeus III of Savoy
20 February 1773 – 16 October 1796|| Victor Amadeus III ||26 June 1726
Turin
son of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia and Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg||Maria Antonietta of Spain
31 May 1750
12 children||16 October 1796
Moncalieri
aged 70
|-
| Charles Emmanuel IV of Savoy
16 October 1796 – 4 June 1802|| Charles Emmanuel IV ||24 May 1751
Turin
son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain||Marie Clotilde of France
27 August 1775
No children||6 October 1819
Rome
aged 68
|-
| Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy
4 June 1802 – 12 March 1821|| Victor Emmanuel I ||24 July 1759
Turin
son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain||Maria Teresa of Austria-Este
21 April 1789
7 children||10 January 1824
Moncalieri
aged 64
|-
| Charles Felix of Savoy
12 March 1821 – 27 April 1831|| Charles Felix ||6 April 1765
Turin
son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain||Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily
7 March 1807
No children||27 April 1831
Turin
aged 66
|-
| Charles Albert of Savoy
27 April 1831 – 23 March 1849|| Charles Albert ||2 October 1798
Turin
son of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignan and Maria Cristina of Saxony||Maria Theresa of Austria
30 September 1817
3 children||28 July 1849
Porto
aged 50
|-
| Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy
23 March 1849 – 17 March 1861 || Victor Emmanuel II ||14 March 1820
Turin
son of Charles Albert of Sardinia and Maria Theresa of Austria||Adelaide of Austria
12 April 1842
8 children
Rosa Vercellana
18 October 1869
2 children||9 January 1878
Rome
aged 57
|}
In 1861, after the annexation of other states in the Italian peninsula, the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia passed a law (Legge n. 4671, 17 marzo 1861) adding to the style of the sovereign the title of King of Italy, although the monarchs retained the designation of King of Sardinia. The Savoy-led Kingdom of Sardinia was thus the legal predecessor state of the Kingdom of Italy, which in turn is the predecessor of the present-day Italian Republic.[19][20]
Coat of arms
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Coats of arms of the House of Savoy
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Coats of arms of the Kingdom of Sardinia until 1848
Kings of Italy
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House of Savoy, 1861–1946
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| Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy
17 March 1861 – 9 January 1878 || Victor Emmanuel II ||14 March 1820
Turin
son of Charles Albert of Sardinia and Maria Theresa of Austria||Adelaide of Austria
12 April 1842
8 children
Rosa Vercellana
18 October 1869
2 children||9 January 1878
Rome
aged 57
|-
| Umberto I of Italy
9 January 1878 – 29 July 1900 || Umberto I of Italy || 14 March 1844
Turin
son of Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy and Adelaide of Austria||Margherita of Savoy
21 April 1868
1 child||29 July 1900
Monza
aged 56
|-
| Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
29 July 1900 – 9 May 1946 || Victor Emmanuel III of Italy || 11 November 1869
Naples
son of Umberto I of Italy and Margherita of Savoy||Elena of Montenegro
24 October 1896
5 children|| 28 December 1947
Alexandria
aged 78
|-
|Umberto II of Italy
9 May 1946 – 12 June 1946 || Umberto II of Italy || 15 September 1904
Racconigi
son of Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and Elena of Montenegro || Marie José of Belgium
8 January 1930
4 children|| 18 March 1983
Geneva
aged 78
|}
The Kingdom of Italy was disestablished by the 1946 Italian institutional referendum, which was held on 2 June 1946, and the Italian Republic was proclaimed.
Coat of arms
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Coats of arms of the Kingdom of Italy (1890–1929 and 1943–1946)
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See also
References
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- ↑ Perra Mario, 1993, La Sardegna nelle fonti classiche (Sardinia in classical sources), Editrice S'Alvure, Oristano
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ De bello Gothico, IV 24.
- ↑ De bello Wandalico.
- ↑ C. Zedda and R. Pinna (2007), La nascita dei giudicati, proposta per lo scioglimento di un enigma storiografico, Archivio Storico Giuridico Sardo di Sassari, vol. 12. http://www.archiviogiuridico.it/Archivio_12/Zedda_Pinna.pdf Template:Webarchive
- ↑ F. Pinna (2010), "Le testimonianze archeologiche relative ai rapporti tra gli arabi e la Sardegna nel medioevo", Rivista dell'Istituto di storia dell'Europa mediterranea, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 4.
- ↑ 1) Κύριε βοήθε τοῦ δοῦλου σου Tουρκοτουρίου ἅρχωντος Σαρδινίας καί τής δούλης σου Γετιτ 2) Tουρκοτουρίου βασιλικου πρωτοσπαθαρίου και Σαλουσίου των ευγενεστάτων αρχόντων.) R. CORONEO, Scultura mediobizantina in Sardegna, Nuoro, Poliedro, 2000
- ↑ Antiquitas nostra primum Calarense iudicatum, quod tunc erat caput tocius Sardinie, armis subiugavit, et regem Sardinie Musaitum nomine civitati Ianue captum adduxerunt, quem per episcopum qui tunc Ianue erat, aule sacri palatii in Alamanniam mandaverunt, intimantes regnum illius nuper esse additum ditioni Romani imperii." - Oberti Cancellarii, Annales p 71, Georg Heinrich (a cura di) MGH, Scriptores, Hannoverae, 1863, XVIII, pp. 56-96
- ↑ Crónica del califa 'Abd ar-Rahmân III an-Nâsir entre los años 912-942,(al-Muqtabis V), édicion. a cura de P. CHALMETA - F. CORRIENTE, Madrid,1979, p. 365 Tuesday, August 24th 942 (A.D.), a messenger of the Lord of the island of Sardinia appeared at the gate of al-Nasir ... asking for a treaty of peace and friendship. With him were the merchants, people Malfat, known in al-Andalus as from Amalfi, with the whole range of their precious goods, ingots of pure silver, brocades etc. ... transactions which drew gain and great benefits
- ↑ To the Archont of Sardinia: a bulla with two gold bisolida with this written: from the very Christian Lord to the Archont of Sardinia. (εὶς τὸν ἄρχοντα Σαρδανίας. βούλλα κρυσῆ δισολδία. "κέλευσις ὲκ τῶν φιλοχρίστων δεσποτῶν πρὸς τὸν ἄρχοντα Σαρδανίας".) Reiske, Johann Jakob: Leich, Johannes Heinrich, eds. (1829). Constantini Porphyrogeniti Imperatoris De Ceremoniis Aulae Byzantinae libri duo graece et latini e recensione Io. Iac. Reiskii cum eiusdem commentariis integris. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae 1 (Leipzig (1751-54) ed.). Bonn: Weber. pag. 690
- ↑ F. CODERA, Mochéid, conquistador de Cerdeña, in Centenario della nascita di Michele Amari. Scritti di filologia e storia araba; geografia, storia, diritto della Sicilia medioevale; studi bizantini e giudaici relativi all’Italia meridionale nel medio evo; documenti sulle relazioni fra gli Stati italiani e il Levante, vol. II, Palermo 1910, pp. 115-33, p. 124
- ↑ B. MARAGONIS, Annales pisani a.1004-1175, ed. K. PERTZ, in MGH, Scriptores, 19,Hannoverae, 1861/1963, pp. 236-2 and Gli Annales Pisani di Bernardo Maragone, a cura di M. L.GENTILE, in Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, n.e., VI/2, Bologna 1930, pp. 4-7. 1017. Fuit Mugietus reversus in Sardineam, et cepit civitatem edificare ibi atque homines Sardos vivos in cruce murare. Et tunc Pisani et Ianuenses illuc venere, et ille propter pavorem eorum fugit in Africam. Pisani vero et Ianuenses reversi sunt Turrim, in quo insurrexerunt Ianuenses in Pisanos, et Pisani vicerunt illos et eiecerunt eos de Sardinea
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Bibliography
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Template:Kings of Sardinia (House of Savoy) Script error: No such module "Navbox". et:Sardiinia kuningriik#Sardiinia kuningad (1297–1861)