List of justices of the High Court of Australia

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Australian English

File:Opening hca melb.jpg
Official photograph of the first session of the High Court of Australia in the Banco Court, Supreme Court of Victoria, 6 October 1903. The mounting is autographed by the three foundation justices: from left to right, Edmund Barton, Samuel Griffith and Richard O'Connor.

The High Court of Australia is composed of seven justices: the chief justice of Australia and six other justices. There have been 57 justices who have served as justices of the High Court since its formation under the Judiciary Act 1903. Under Section 71 of the Australian Constitution, the judicial power of the Commonwealth of Australia is vested in the court,[1] and it has been the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy since the passing of the Australia Act 1986.

In a May 2017 speech, Justice Virginia Bell observed that "few Australians outside the law schools are likely to be able to name the Chief Justice, let alone the puisne justices of the High Court".[2]

History

Initially, there were three justices of the High Court – Chief Justice Sir Samuel Griffith, Justice Sir Edmund Barton and Justice Richard Edward O'Connor.[3] The number was expanded in 1906, at the request of the justices, to five, with the appointment of Justices Sir Isaac Isaacs and H. B. Higgins. After O'Connor's death in 1912, an amendment to the Judiciary Act 1903 expanded the bench to seven. For most of 1930, two seats were left vacant due to monetary constraints placed on the court by the Depression. The economic downturn had also led to a reduction in litigation and consequently less work for the court. After Isaacs retired in 1931, his seat was left empty, and in 1933 an amendment to the Judiciary Act officially reduced the number of seats to six. However, this led to some decisions being split three-all. With the appointment of William Webb in 1946, the number of seats returned to seven, and since then the court has had seven justices.[4] since 2021Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". there have been 55 justices, 13 of whom have been chief justice.

Appointments to the court were for life until 1977, when a mandatory retirement age of 70 was established, though several post-1977 justices have retired before reaching the age of 70 (William Deane resigned as a justice to be appointed governor-general).

Composition of the High Court

There have been 57 justices of the High Court; fifty have been men and seven women. The first female justice was Mary Gaudron who was a justice from 1987 to 2003. Susan Crennan was a justice from 2005 to 2015, and Virginia Bell from 2009 to 2021. Susan Kiefel was the first woman to be appointed Chief Justice of Australia. She was appointed in 2017 and had been a justice from 2007 to 2017. Of the seven current justices, four are men, including the chief justice, and three are women. Michelle Gordon was appointed in 2015 and Jacqueline Gleeson in 2021, replacing Bell. Jayne Jagot replaced Justice Keane on the court in 2022, giving women a majority on the High Court for a period of just over a year.

Thirteen politicians, serving or former, have been appointed to the High Court of Australia. Nine justices have served in the Parliament of Australia: Edmund Barton, Richard O'Connor, Isaac Isaacs, H. B. Higgins, Edward McTiernan, H. V. Evatt, John Latham, Garfield Barwick, and Lionel Murphy. All but Evatt were appointed after their parliamentary service; Evatt resigned from the bench in order to pursue his federal political career, although he had previously served in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. In addition to the above, four justices served in colonial parliaments: Samuel Griffith, Charles Powers, Albert Piddington and Adrian Knox, although all concluded their political careers more than 10 years prior to their appointments. The most recent justice to serve in state or federal parliament is Lionel Murphy.

The majority of justices have come from the eastern states, particularly New South Wales (29 justices), Victoria (16 justices) and Queensland Queensland (8 justices). It was not until 1979 that a justice was appointed from Western Australia. There has never been a justice from South Australia. Robert Beech-Jones was born in Tasmania but went to university in Canberra and spent most of his career in Sydney.

Most justices had previously served as judges of other Australian courts prior to their appointment to the High Court. Prior to the creation of the Federal Court of Australia in 1976, this was primarily the Supreme Courts of the States. Since 1976, a number of justices of the Federal Court have been appointed to the High Court. A small number of justices served on both a State Supreme Court and the Federal Court before being appointed to the High Court.

List of justices

The current judges are listed in bold on the table below.

# Image Name State Birth – death Position Term
began 		Term
ended 		Time in office PM at app't Prev.
experience 		Notes
1 File:Sir Samuel Walker Griffith.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". Qld 1845–1920 Chief justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Deakin Chief justice,
Sup Ct of Qld
2 File:Justice Barton (b&w).jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1849–1920 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Deakin None Former prime minister
Died in office
3 File:Richard o'connor.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1851–1912 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Deakin None Died in office
4 File:Ac.isaacs.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1855–1948 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Deakin None Resigned to be appointed governor-general
Chief justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Scullin
5 File:Portrait of Henry Bournes Higgins (cropped).jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1851–1929 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Deakin None Died in office
6 File:Frank gavan duffy.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1852–1936 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Fisher None
Chief justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Scullin
7 File:Charlespowers.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". Qld 1853–1939 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Fisher None
8* File:Albert Piddington.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1862–1945 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Fisher None Resigned before sitting
9 File:George Rich.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1863–1956 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Fisher Sup Ct of NSW
10 File:SirAdrianKnox.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1863–1932 Chief justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Hughes None
11 File:Hayden Starke.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1871–1958 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Hughes None
12 File:Dixon 01.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1886–1972 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Bruce None
Chief justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Menzies
13 File:Herbert V. Evatt.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1894–1965 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Scullin None Resigned to return to politics
14 File:Edward McTiernan 1954.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1892–1990 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Scullin None
15 File:CJSJohnLatham.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1877–1964 Chief justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Lyons None
16 File:HCA bench 1952 (cropped).jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1889–1963 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Menzies Sup Ct of NSW
17 File:William Webb.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". Qld 1887–1972 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Chifley Chief justice,
Sup Ct of Qld
18 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1892–1961 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Menzies Sup Ct of Vic Died in office
19 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1903–1994 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Menzies None
20 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1901–1969 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Menzies Sup Ct of NSW Died in office
21 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1907–1974 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Menzies None Died in office
22 File:Victor Windeyer 016473.JPG Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1900–1987 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Menzies None
23 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1899–1972 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Menzies Sup Ct of NSW Died in office
24 File:Garfield Barwick 1959.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1903–1997 Chief justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Menzies None
25 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1909–1973 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Gorton Sup Ct of NSW
NSW Ct of App 		Died in office
26 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". Qld 1917–2005 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Gorton Fed Ct of BK
Sup Ct of Qld
Chief justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:EfnTemplate:Efn Fraser
27 File:Sir Ninian Stephen.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1923–2017 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd McMahon Sup Ct of Vic Resigned to be appointed governor-general
28 File:Anthony Mason, Solicitor-General of Australia (cropped).jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1925– Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn McMahon Sup Ct of NSW
NSW Ct of App 		Previously Solicitor-General of Australia
Chief justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Hawke
29 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1917–2015 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Whitlam Sup Ct of NSW
NSW Ct of App
30 File:Lionel Murphy 1973 (cropped).jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1922–1986 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Whitlam None Died in office
31 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1916–1982 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Fraser None Died in office
32 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". WA 1922–2005 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Fraser None
33 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". Qld 1928–2022 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:EfnTemplate:Efn Fraser Fed Ct
Chief justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Keating
34 File:William Deane official portrait.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1931– Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Fraser Fed Ct Resigned to be appointed governor-general
35 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1933– Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Fraser None
36 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". WA 1930–2015 Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Hawke Fed Ct
37 File:Mary Gaudron (2011).jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1943– Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Hawke None
38 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1935– Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Hawke Sup Ct of NSW
NSW Ct of App
39 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1942– Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Keating Fed Ct
40 File:The Hon Michael D. Kirby AC CMG (cropped).jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1939– Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Keating Sup Ct of NSW
Pres, NSW Ct of App
41 File:Kenneth Hayne portrait.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1945– Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Howard Sup Ct of Vic
Vic Ct of App
42 File:IanCallinan.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". Qld 1937– Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts[5] Template:Ayd Template:Efn Howard None
43 File:Murray Gleeson.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1938– Chief justice Template:Dts Template:Dts[6] Template:Ayd Template:Efn Howard Chief justice,
Sup Ct of NSW
44 Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1943– Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Howard Sup Ct of NSW
NSW Ct of App
45 File:SusanCrennan2014.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1945– Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Howard Fed Ct
46 File:Susan Kiefel 2011.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". Qld 1954– Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:EfnTemplate:Efn Howard Sup Ct of Qld
Fed Ct
Chief justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Turnbull
47 File:Robert French.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". WA 1947– Chief justice Template:Dts[6] Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Rudd Fed Ct
48 File:BellJ.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1951– Justice Template:Dts[7] Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Rudd Sup Ct of NSW
NSW Ct of App
49 File:GagelerSwearingIn.jpg Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1958– Justice Template:Dts[8] Incumbent Template:Ayd Template:Efn Gillard None Previously Solicitor-General of Australia
Chief justice Template:Dts Incumbent Template:Ayd Template:Efn Albanese
50 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". Qld 1952– Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts[9] Template:Ayd Template:Efn Gillard Sup Ct of Qld
Fed Ct
51 File:No image.svg Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1950– Justice Template:Dts Template:Dts Template:Ayd Template:Efn Abbott Sup Ct of Vic
52 Template:Easy CSS image crop Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1964– Justice Template:Dts Incumbent Template:Ayd Template:Efn Abbott Fed Ct
53 Script error: No such module "Sort". WA 1974– Justice Template:Dts Incumbent Template:Ayd Template:Efn Turnbull Fed Ct
Sup Ct of WA
54 Script error: No such module "Sort". Vic 1969– Justice Template:Dts Incumbent Template:Ayd Template:Efn Morrison Fed Ct
55 Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1966– Justice Template:Dts Incumbent Template:Ayd Template:Efn Morrison Fed Ct
56 Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW 1964/65– Justice Template:Dts Incumbent Template:Ayd Template:Efn Albanese Fed Ct
NSW LEC
57 Script error: No such module "Sort". NSW c.1964 Justice Template:Dts Incumbent Template:Ayd Template:Efn Albanese Sup Ct of NSW

Template:Notelist

Current justices

Template:Current High Court of Australia justices

Seats of the High Court

This following chart illustrates the composition of the High Court. It indicates the seven seats of the court, and who has occupied each seat at different points in the court's existence. The red portions represent the future part of a judge's term and show the date at which they are bound to retire from the court (although they may choose to retire before that date). The blue portions of a judge's term show a period in which that judge was chief justice. <timeline>


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DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:05/10/1903 till:31/12/2045 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey unit:year increment:10 start:1910 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:grey increment:2 start:1904

  1. there is no automatic collision detection,
  2. so shift texts up or down manually to avoid overlap

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PlotData= 

 bar:First seat color:green1 width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S

 from:start       till:17/10/1919 shift:($dx,0)    text:Griffith
 from:start       till:17/10/1919 color:cj mark:none
 from:18/10/1919  till:31/03/1930 shift:($dx,0)    text:Knox
 from:18/10/1919  till:31/03/1930 color:cj mark:none
 from:20/12/1930  till:12/09/1976 shift:($dx,0)    text:McTiernan
 from:20/09/1976  till:18/06/1982 shift:($dx,0)    text:Aickin
 from:30/07/1982  till:15/08/1997 shift:($dx,0)    text:Dawson
 from:22/09/1997  till:04/06/2015 shift:($dx,0)    text:Hayne
 from:09/06/2015  till:19/11/2034 shift:($dx,0)    text:Gordon
 from:28/03/2025  till:19/11/2034 color:red1 mark:none

 bar:Second seat color:green2 width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S

 from:start       till:07/01/1920 shift:($dx,0)    text:Barton
 from:05/02/1920  till:31/01/1950 shift:($dx,0)    text:Starke
 from:08/02/1950  till:09/07/1961 shift:($dx,0)    text:Fullagar
 from:22/09/1961  till:31/03/1972 shift:($dx,0)    text:Owen
 from:07/08/1972  till:20/04/1995 shift:($dx,0)    text:Mason
 from:06/02/1987  till:20/04/1995 color:cj mark:none
 from:21/04/1995  till:09/10/2012 shift:($dx,0)    text:Gummow
 from:10/10/2012  till:05/07/2028 shift:($dx,0)    text:Gageler
 from:06/11/2023  till:28/03/2025 color:cj mark:none
 from:28/03/2025  till:05/07/2028 color:red2 mark:none

 bar:Third seat color:green3 width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S

 from:start       till:18/11/1912 shift:($dx,0)    text:O'Connor
 from:11/02/1913  till:01/10/1935 shift:($dx,0)    text:Gavan_Duffy
 from:22/01/1931  till:01/10/1935 color:cj mark:none
 from:11/10/1935  till:07/04/1952 shift:($dx,0)    text:Latham
 from:11/10/1935  till:07/04/1952 color:cj mark:none
 from:03/09/1952  till:03/08/1969 shift:($dx,0)    text:Taylor
 from:20/09/1969  till:28/11/1973 shift:($dx,0)    text:Walsh
 from:08/02/1974  till:06/04/1979 shift:($dx,0)    text:Jacobs
 from:21/05/1979  till:13/02/1989 shift:($dx,0)    text:Wilson
 from:14/02/1989  till:01/11/2005 shift:($dx,0)    text:McHugh
 from:01/11/2005  till:02/02/2015 shift:($dx,0)    text:Crennan
 from:03/02/2015  till:30/11/2020 shift:($dx,0)    text:Nettle
 from:01/12/2020  till:09/01/2039 shift:($dx,0)    text:Steward
 from:28/03/2025  till:09/01/2039 color:red3 mark:none

 bar:Fourth seat color:green4 width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S

 from:12/10/1906  till:21/01/1931 shift:($dx,0)    text:Isaacs
 from:02/04/1930  till:21/01/1931 color:cj mark:none

 from:16/05/1946  till:16/05/1958 shift:($dx,0)    text:Webb
 from:12/06/1958  till:29/11/1974 shift:($dx,0)    text:Menzies
 from:10/02/1975  till:21/10/1986 shift:($dx,0)    text:Murphy
 from:06/02/1987  till:02/02/1998 shift:($dx,0)    text:Toohey
 from:03/02/1998  till:31/08/2007 shift:($dx,0)    text:Callinan
 from:04/09/2007  till:05/11/2023 shift:($dx,0)    text:Kiefel
 from:30/01/2017  till:05/11/2023 color:cj mark:none 
 from:06/11/2023  till:01/01/2035 shift:($dx,0)    text:Beech-Jones
 from:28/03/2025  till:01/01/2035 color:red4 mark:none



 bar:Fifth seat color:green5 width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S

 from:13/10/1906  till:13/01/1929 shift:($dx,0)    text:Higgins
 from:04/02/1929  till:13/04/1964 shift:($dx,0)    text:Dixon
 from:18/04/1952  till:13/04/1964 color:cj mark:none
 from:27/04/1964  till:11/02/1981 shift:($dx,0)    text:Barwick
 from:27/04/1964  till:11/02/1981 color:cj mark:none
 from:12/02/1981  till:21/05/1998 shift:($dx,0)    text:Brennan
 from:21/04/1995  till:21/05/1998 color:cj mark:none
 from:22/05/1998  till:30/08/2008 shift:($dx,0)    text:M Gleeson
 from:22/05/1998  till:30/08/2008 color:cj mark:none
 from:01/09/2008  till:29/01/2017 shift:($dx,0)    text:French
 from:01/09/2008  till:29/01/2017 color:cj mark:none
 from:30/01/2017  till:09/01/2044 shift:($dx,0)    text:Edelman
 from:28/03/2025  till:09/01/2044 color:red5 mark:none

 bar:Sixth seat color:green6 width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S

 from:05/03/1913  till:22/07/1929 shift:($dx,0)    text:Powers
 from:19/12/1930  till:02/09/1940 shift:($dx,0)    text:Evatt
 from:15/10/1940  till:31/07/1958 shift:($dx,0)    text:Williams
 from:08/09/1958  till:29/02/1972 shift:($dx,0)    text:Windeyer
 from:01/03/1972  till:11/05/1982 shift:($dx,0)    text:Stephen
 from:25/06/1982  till:11/11/1995 shift:($dx,0)    text:Deane
 from:06/02/1996  till:02/02/2009 shift:($dx,0)    text:Kirby
 from:03/02/2009  till:28/02/2021 shift:($dx,0)    text:Bell
 from:01/03/2021  till:06/03/2036 shift:($dx,0)    text:J Gleeson
 from:28/03/2025  till:06/03/2036 color:red6 mark:none

 bar:Seventh seat color:green7 width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S

 from:06/03/1913  till:05/04/1913 shift:($dx,0)    text:Piddington
 from:05/04/1913  till:05/05/1950 shift:($dx,0)    text:Rich
 from:10/05/1950  till:01/08/1970 shift:($dx,0)    text:Kitto
 from:04/08/1970  till:05/02/1987 shift:($dx,0)    text:Gibbs
 from:12/02/1981  till:05/02/1987 color:cj mark:none
 from:06/02/1987  till:31/01/2003 shift:($dx,0)    text:Gaudron
 from:01/02/2003  till:01/03/2013 shift:($dx,0)    text:Heydon
 from:01/03/2013  till:17/10/2022 shift:($dx,0)    text:Keane
 from:17/10/2022  till:01/01/2035 shift:($dx,0)    text:Jagot
 from:28/03/2025  till:01/01/2035 color:red7 mark:none

</timeline>

See also

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (Cth) s 71
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ "Callinan retires from High Court", Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 31 August 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2007.
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

Template:Sister project

  • Script error: No such module "Official website".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

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