Lisa del Giocondo

Template:Short description Template:Top icon Template:Use mdy dates Template:Wikidata image Lisa del Giocondo (; Template:Née ; June 15, 1479 – July 14, 1542) was an Italian noblewoman and member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany. Her name was given to the Mona Lisa, her portrait commissioned by her husband and painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the Italian Renaissance.

Little is known about Lisa's life. Lisa was born in Florence. She married in her teens to a cloth and silk merchant who later became a local official; she was a mother to six children and led what is thought to have been a comfortable and ordinary life. Lisa outlived her husband, who was considerably her senior.

In the centuries after Lisa's life, the Mona Lisa became the world's most famous painting. In 2005, Lisa was identified as a subject for a da Vinci portrait around 1503, strongly reinforcing the traditional view of her as the model for Mona Lisa.

Early life

Lisa's Florentine family was old and aristocratic, but over time had lost their influence.Template:Sfn They were well off but not wealthy, and lived on a farm income in a city where there were great disparities in wealth among inhabitants.Template:Sfn Antonmaria di Noldo Gherardini, Lisa's father, came from a family who had lived on properties near San Donato in Poggio and only recently moved to the city.Template:Sfn Gherardini at one time owned or rented six farms in Chianti that produced wheat, wine, and olive oil and where livestock was raised.Template:Sfn

Yellowed paper with brown ink writing

In Florence Cathedral baptismal records for June 1479, Lisa is the sixth entry, listed under her first and second names "Lisa & Camilla".Template:Sfn

In 1465, Gherardini married Lisa di Giovanni Filippo de' Carducci, and in 1473 remarried to Caterina di Mariotto Rucellai; both of them died in childbirth.Template:Sfn Lisa's mother was Lucrezia del Caccia, daughter of Piera Spinelli, and Gherardini's wife by his third marriage in 1476.Template:Sfn Lisa was born in Florence on June 15, 1479, on Via Maggio,Template:Sfn although for many years it was thought she was born on Villa Vignamaggio just outside Greve, one of the family's rural properties. She was named for Lisa, a wife of her paternal grandfather.Template:Sfn The eldest of seven children, Lisa had three sisters, one of whom was named Ginevra, and three brothers, Giovangualberto, Francesco, and Noldo.Template:Sfn

The family lived in Florence, originally near Santa Trinita and later in rented space near Santo Spirito, likely because they were unable to afford repairs when their first house was damaged. Lisa's family moved to what today is called Via dei Pepi, and then near Santa Croce, where they lived near Ser Piero da Vinci, Leonardo's father.Template:Sfn They also owned a small country home in San Donato in the village of Poggio about south of the city.Template:Sfn Noldo, Gherardini's father and Lisa's grandfather, had bequeathed a farm in Chianti to the Santa Maria Nuova hospital. Gherardini secured a lease for another of the hospital's farms; the family spent summers there at the house named Ca' di Pesa, so that Gherardini could oversee the wheat harvest.Template:Sfn

Marriage and later life

On March 5, 1495, 15-year-old Lisa married 29-year-old Francesco di Bartolomeo del Giocondo,Template:Sfn an ambitious cloth and silk merchant, becoming his second wife.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Her age at marriage was around the norm for Florentine women of the time, who often married men ten or more years their senior.Template:Sfn Because her father had not participated in the custom of saving cash at a daughter's birth that compounded interest for dowries,Template:Sfn Lisa's dowry was land: her father's most valuable property in Chianti,Template:Sfn the San Silvestro farm near her family's country home,Template:Sfn which lies between Castellina and San Donato in Poggio, near two farms later owned by Michelangelo.Template:Sfn The farm was valued at 400 florins, and its contents at 170 florins.Template:Efn The modest dowry may be a sign that the Gherardini family was not wealthy at the time. Art historian Frank Zöllner says the dowry's small size lends reason to think Francesco may have had true affection for Lisa.Template:Sfn

Neither poor nor among the most well-to-do in Florence, the couple lived a comfortable middle-class life. Historian Donald Sassoon says they were upwardly mobile and were among the city's nouveau riches.Template:Sfn Lisa's marriage may have increased her social status because her husband's family may have been richer than her own.Template:Sfn Francesco is thought to have benefited because Gherardini is an "old name".Template:Sfn They lived in shared accommodation until March 5, 1503, when Francesco was able to buy a house next door to his family's old home in the Via della Stufa. Leonardo is thought to have begun painting Lisa's portrait the same year.Template:Sfn Lisa lived in the "Casa grande" on Via della Stufa for nearly fifty years.Template:Sfn

Lisa and Francesco had six children: Piero, Piera, Camilla, Marietta, Andrea, and Giocondo between 1496 and 1502. Piera and Giocondo both died before they were toddlers.Template:Sfn Lisa also raised two of her brother's children after their father's death.Template:Sfn Lastly, she raised Bartolomeo, the son of Francesco and his first wife Camilla di Mariotto Rucellai, who died shortly after the birth. The second wife of Lisa's father, Caterina di Mariotto Rucellai, and Francesco's first wife were sisters, members of the Rucellai family.Template:Sfn Camilla and Marietta became nuns. Camilla took the name Suor Beatrice and entered the convent of San Domenico di Cafaggio, where she was entrusted to the care of Lisa's sisters Suor Alessandra and Suor Camilla.Template:Sfn Beatrice died at age 18,Template:Sfn and was buried in the Basilica di Santa Maria Novella.Template:Sfn

Adopting roles of a customer and supplier, Lisa developed a relationship with Sant'Orsola, a convent held in high regard in Florence. From the convent, Lisa is known to have purchased distillation of snail water—a medicine listed in formularies of following centuries.Template:Sfn Kemp and Pallanti say on another occasion, the nuns purchased from Lisa of cheese made on her family's lands.Template:Sfn She was able to place Marietta at Sant'Orsola in 1519.Template:Sfn In 1521, Marietta took the name Suor Ludovica; she became a respected member of the convent in a position of some responsibility.Template:Sfn

Francesco was a social climber, and not known particularly for his rectitude.Template:Sfn He had joined the family business, a respected source of fine textiles, where he had done well, but the promise of higher profits tempted him into other enterprises.Template:Sfn He imported sugar, animal hides, wool, and soap.Template:Sfn He became a money-lender and dealt in property. Believing that land was a safe investment, Francesco transformed himself into a wealthy landowner after thirty-five years of marriage to Lisa by 1530.Template:Sfn

As members of the Silk Guild, Francesco's family was eligible for the highest offices of Florence, and eighty of his relatives occupied such roles over a span of fifty years.Template:Sfn Francesco was elected to the Dodici Buonomini in 1499 and to the Signoria in 1512, where he was confirmed as a Priore in 1524. He may have had ties to Medici family political or business interests; he was termed a "friend" rather than a "close friend".Template:Sfn In 1512, when the government of Florence feared the return of the Medici from exile, Francesco was imprisoned and fined 1,000 florins. He was released in September when the Medici returned.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Death and outcome

In June 1537, by his last will and testament, Francesco returned Lisa's dowry to her, gave her personal clothing and jewelry and provided for her future. Upon entrusting her care to their daughter Suor Ludovica and, should she be incapable, his son Bartolomeo, Francesco wrote, "Given the affection and love of the testator towards Mona Lisa, his beloved wife; in consideration of the fact that Lisa has always acted with a noble spirit and as a faithful wife; wishing that she shall have all she needs ... ."Template:Sfn Martin Kemp and Giuseppe Pallanti remark in their history that Francesco—who provided for an eternal flame on his own grave—willed all of his possessions to his children and not to his wife, and did not guarantee Lisa an annuity, which would have been fairly commonplace.Template:Sfn

In one account, Francesco died at age 73 in 1538; then Lisa fell ill and was taken by her daughter Suor Ludovica to the convent of Sant'Orsola, where she died on July 14, 1542,Template:Sfn at the age of 63. In his scholarly account of their lives, Frank Zöllner writes that Francesco was nearly 80 years old when he died, and Lisa may have lived until at least 1551, when she would have been 71 or 72.Template:Sfn Lisa's death was not recorded by the city or by her family.Template:Sfn Her funeral was well-attended, and she was buried not in the family's vault at Santissima Annunziata but at the church of Sant'Orsola.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn After Francesco's death, his sons inherited the family business but were incapable of keeping it from decline; one sold the family home on Via della Stufa to pay his debts to his brother.Template:Sfn Francesco's grandson was similarly unprepared to save the business, declared bankruptcy, and found work as a scribe in the convent of Santissima Annunziata.Template:Sfn

Mona Lisa

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

The full Mona Lisa painting (English: Mona Lisa, Template:Langx, Template:Langx) by Leonardo da Vinci, Louvre

Like other Florentines of their financial means, Francesco's family members were art lovers and patrons. His son Bartolomeo asked Antonio di Donnino Mazzieri to paint a fresco at the family's burial site in the Basilica della Santissima Annunziata di Firenze. Andrea del Sarto painted a Madonna for another member of his family.Template:Sfn Francesco gave commissions to Leonardo for a portrait of his wife and to Domenico Puligo for a painting of Saint Francis of Assisi. He is thought to have commissioned Lisa's portrait to celebrate both Andrea's birth and the purchase of the family's home.Template:Sfn Lisa was 24 when Leonardo began her portrait. She was 40 when he died, and the portrait was still partly unfinished.Template:Sfn

The Mona Lisa fulfilled 15th- and early 16th century requirements for portraying a woman of virtue. Lisa is portrayed as a faithful wife through gesture—her right hand rests over her left. Leonardo also presented Lisa as fashionable and successful, perhaps more well-off than she was. Her dark garments and black veil were Spanish-influenced high fashion; they are not a depiction of mourning for her first daughter, as some scholars have proposed. The portrait is strikingly large; its size is equal to that of commissions acquired by wealthier art patrons of the time. This extravagance has been explained as a sign of Francesco and Lisa's social aspiration.Template:Sfn

During the spring of 1503, Leonardo had no income source, which may in part explain his interest in a private portrait.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Later that year, he most likely had to delay his work on Mona Lisa when he received payment for starting The Battle of Anghiari, which was a more valuable commission and one he was contracted to complete by February 1505.Template:Sfn In 1506, Leonardo considered the portrait unfinished. He was not paid for the work and did not deliver it to his client.Template:Sfn The artist's paintings travelled with him throughout his life, and he may have completed the Mona Lisa many years later in France,Template:Sfn in one estimation by 1516.

The painting's title dates to 1550. An acquaintance of at least some of Francesco's family, Giorgio Vasari, wrote, "Leonardo undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife."Template:Sfn (Template:Langx)Template:Sfn The portrait's Italian name La Gioconda is the feminine form of her married name. In French it is known by the variant La Joconde. Although it is derived from Lisa's married name, there is the added significance that the name derives from the word for "happy" (in English: "jocund") or "the happy one".Template:Sfn

Vespucci's notation on an old manuscript

Agostino Vespucci's margin note

Speculation assigned Lisa's name to at least five different paintings,Template:Efn and her identity to at least ten different people.Template:Efn Scholar Carmen C. Bambach put the conjecturing to rest "more or less definitively" after an expert at the Heidelberg University Library in 2005 discovered a marginal note in a book in the library's collection—confirming the traditional view that the sitter was Lisa.Template:Sfn The note, written by Agostino Vespucci in 1503, states that Leonardo was working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo.

The theft of the Mona Lisa from the Louvre in 1911 and its travels to Asia and North America during the 1960s and 1970s contributed to the painting's iconization and fame.Template:Sfn By the end of the 20th century, the painting was a global icon that had been used in more than 300 other paintings and in 2,000 advertisements, appearing at an average of one new advertisement each week.Template:Sfn The Mona Lisa has been in France since the 16th century, when Leonardo moved to King Francis I's court and the king acquired it; since the French Revolution, it has been part of a French national collection.Template:Sfn By 2006, about six million people view the painting each year at the Louvre in Paris.