Limu (algae)

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File:Ahi limu poke.jpg
Ahi limu poke: raw fish with limu

Limu, otherwise known as rimu, remu or ʻimu (from Proto-Austronesian *limut)[1] is a general Polynesian term for edible plants living underwater, such as seaweed, or plants living near water, like algae.[2][3] In Hawaii, there are approximately one hundred names for kinds of limu, sixty of which can be matched with scientific names.[4] Hundreds of species of marine algae were once found in Hawaii.[5] Many limu are edible, and used in the cuisine throughout most of Polynesia.

Uses

Several species of limu are used as food throughout Polynesia and is typically eaten raw as accompaniment to meals, usually fish.

In Hawaii, limu was seen as a major component of the Hawaiian diet alongside fish and poi.[6] Hawaiians cultivated several varieties of seaweed for food as well as to feed fish farmed within fish ponds. As many as 75 types of limu were used for food, more than the 35 used in Japanese cuisine, which is also well known for its use of seaweed.[5] In modern times, limu is often used as a condiment, typically in raw fish dishes such as poke.[7]

Limu was used in hoʻoponopono, the ancient Hawaiian process of conflict resolution. Injured and accused parties gathered to pray, seek forgiveness and eat Script error: No such module "Lang". leaves as a symbol of reconciliation.[7][8] It is also used in traditional hula attire[9] and as medicine.[10]

Due to the shape of its foliage, the Maori also applied the name Script error: No such module "Lang". to the native tree Dacrydium cupressinum.[2]

Types

Limu comes from multiple genera[6]

Cook Islands

Image English name Indigenous name Description and use
File:Turbinaria ornata (Cnidaria).jpg Crowned sea bells (Turbinaria ornata) Script error: No such module "Lang". (Rarotonga and Mauke), Script error: No such module "Lang". (Aitutaki), Script error: No such module "Lang". (Pukapuka)[11]
File:Sargassum - 1.jpg Double-edge sargassum (Sargassum aquifolium) Script error: No such module "Lang".[12]
File:Hydroclathrus sp.jpg Open-sponge seaweed (Hydroclathrus clathratus) Script error: No such module "Lang". (Rarotonga)[13]
File:Sargassum - 1.jpg Sargassum obtusifolium (Sargassum obtusifolium) Script error: No such module "Lang". (Rarotonga)[14]
File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) Script error: No such module "Lang". (Rarotonga and Mauke), Script error: No such module "Lang". (Mangaia), Script error: No such module "Lang". (Aitutaki)[15]
File:Padina boryana.JPG Turkeytail seaweed (Padina boryana) Script error: No such module "Lang". (Rarotonga)[16]

Easter Island

Image English name Indigenous name Description and use
File:Dictyopteris membranacea herbarium item.jpg Dictyopteris australis (Dictyopteris australis) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Sargassum - 1.jpg Sargassum obtusifolium (Sargassum obtusifolium) Script error: No such module "Lang".

French Polynesia

Image English name Indigenous name Description and use
File:Caulerpa cupressoides in Harvey 1858.JPG Cactus tree alga (Caulerpa cupressoides) Script error: No such module "Lang". (Rapan) [17]
Chnoospora minima (Chnoospora minima) Script error: No such module "Lang". (Marquesan) [18]
File:Cladophora.JPG Cladophora patentiramea (Cladophora patentiramea) Script error: No such module "Lang". (Marquesan) [18]
File:Gracilaria sp.jpg Gracilaria (Gracilaria) Script error: No such module "Lang". (Tahitian)
File:Ulva flexuosa subsp. paradoxa Crouan.jpg Grass kelp (Enteromorpha flexuosa) Script error: No such module "Lang". (Marquesan) [18]
File:Codium arabicum.jpg Green sea cushion (Codium arabicum) Script error: No such module "Lang". (Marquesan) [18]
File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) Script error: No such module "Lang". (Tahitian), Script error: No such module "Lang". (Marquesan), Script error: No such module "Lang". (Austral), Script error: No such module "Lang". (Rapan) [18]
File:Sea lettuce in Brofjorden 1 - cropped.jpg Sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) Script error: No such module "Lang". (Tahitian), Script error: No such module "Lang". (Marquesan) [18]

Hawaii

Image English name Indigenous name Description and use
File:Codium sp..jpg Antler seaweed (Codium reediae) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Codium sp.jpg Branched sea cushion (Codium edule) Script error: No such module "Lang". Meaning "rat's foot seaweed"
File:Ulva sp Jurmo24072018.jpg Branched string lettuce (Ulva prolifera) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:FMIB 52480 Champia parvula, magnified.jpeg Champia (Champia) Script error: No such module "Lang". Meaning "thin seaweed". Shares its name to the similarly used species Chondria tenuissima.
File:Chondria-capillaris-19980602b.jpg Chondria tenuissima (Chondria tenuissima) Script error: No such module "Lang". Meaning "thin seaweed". Shares its name to the similarly used Champia seaweeds.
File:Chylocladia kaliformis.jpg Chylocladia (Chylocladia) Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Turbinaria ornata (Cnidaria).jpg Crowned sea bells (Turbinaria ornata) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Dictyopteris membranacea herbarium item.jpg Dictyopteris (Dictyopteris) Script error: No such module "Lang". Meaning "seaweed gathered from the deep" referring to its habitat of growing in deep water. The species Dictyopteris australis and Dictyopteris plagiogramma were gathered as food.
File:Dictyota dichotoma 43980064.jpg Dictyota (Dictyota) Script error: No such module "Lang". Meaning "bitter seaweed"
File:Sargassum - 1.jpg Double-edge sargassum (Sargassum aquifolium) Script error: No such module "Lang". Meaning "forgiving seaweed" employed during Script error: No such module "Lang"..
File:FMIB 53642 Rhodophycees ou Floridees (Algues rouges) Grateloupia filicina (Wulf) J Ag.jpeg Grateloupia filicina (Grateloupia filicina) Script error: No such module "Lang". or "pubic hair") – favorite of Liliʻuokalani.[8]
File:Gelidium sp.jpg Gelidium (Gelidium) Script error: No such module "Lang". Meaning "long or slender seaweed"[5]
File:Griffithsia corallinoides Crouan.jpg Griffithsia (Griffithsia) Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Gymnogongrus torulosus (Hook.f. and Harv.) Schmitz (AM AK295286-1).jpg Gymnogongrus (Gymnogongrus) Script error: No such module "Lang". Meaning "dry or hard seaweed"[5]
File:Halymenia floresii.jpg Halymenia formosa (Halymenia formosa) Script error: No such module "Lang". shawl of the goddess Hina. Shares its name with a native butterfly and a family of nudibranchs.[8]
File:Laurencia Aquarium of the Pacific.jpg Laurencia nidifica (Laurencia nidifica) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Purple Laver (Porphyra umbilicalis) - Oslo, Norway 2020-08-12 (03).jpg Laver (Porphyra) Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Martensia spp, Bittangabee Bay, Beowa National Park NSW.jpg Martensia fragilis (Martensia fragilis) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Gracilaria sp.jpg Ogo (Gracilaria coronopifolia) Script error: No such module "Lang". cooked with meats to form a savory jelly. Later diced raw with poke, mixed with chili and salt.[8]
File:Polysiphonia sp. - Stavanger, Norway 2021-08-03.jpg Polysiphonia (Polysiphonia) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Asparagopsis taxiformis Réunion 2 cropped.JPG Red sea plume (Asparagopsis taxiformis) Script error: No such module "Lang". Meaning "supreme seaweed"
File:Unidentified Valonia - Kew 3.jpg Sailor’s eye (Valonia utricularis) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Sea lettuce in Brofjorden 1 - cropped.jpg Sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". named after a shark god who was swaddled in its silken leaves.[8][19] used in hula[20]
File:FMIB 53610 Rhodophycees ou Floridees (Algues rouges) Ceramiees, Spyridia filamentosa (Wulf) J Ag.jpeg Spyridia spinella (Spyridia spinella) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Hypnea flexuosa A.C.Brown and N.Jarman (AM AK307804-2).jpg Tattered sea moss (Hypnea) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Ahnfeltiopsis linearis 8649974.jpg Tuffed seaweed (Ahnfeltiopsis concinna) Script error: No such module "Lang".

New Zealand

Image English name Indigenous name Description and use
File:Caulerpa geminata Harv. (AM AK304895).jpg Bubble caulerpa (Caulerpa sedoides) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Turkish towel (Gigartina) (3266060874).jpg Carrageenan weed (Gigartina) Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Clymene coleana.jpg Clymene (Clymene) Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Zostera.jpg Eelgrass (Zostera) Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Gracilaria sp.jpg Gracilaria (Gracilaria)
File:Sanc0063 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg Kelp (Laminariales) Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Purple Laver (Porphyra umbilicalis) - Oslo, Norway 2020-08-12 (03).jpg Laver (Porphyra) Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Originally, Karengo was used to describe seaweed belonging to the Porphyra genus. Recent genomic analysis however has Karengo cover more than 30 species belonging to genus Porphyra, Pyropia, Clymene and Lysithea.
Lysithea (Lysithea) Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Neptune's Necklace (Hormosira banksii) (49918991983).jpg Neptune’s necklace (Hormosira banksii) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Sea lettuce in Brofjorden 1 - cropped.jpg Sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Caulerpa brownii.jpeg Sea rimu (Caulerpa brownii) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Durvillea antarctica.JPG Southern bull kelp (Durvillaea) Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Pyropia sp. - Kristiansand, Norway 2021-08-12.jpg Southern laver (Pyropia) Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".

Niue

Image English name Indigenous name Description and use
File:Caulerpa cupressoides in Harvey 1858.JPG Cactus tree alga (Caulerpa cupressoides) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) Script error: No such module "Lang".

Samoa

Image English name Indigenous name Description and use
File:Turbinaria ornata (Cnidaria).jpg Crowned sea bells (Turbinaria ornata) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Gracilaria sp.jpg Gracilaria (Gracilaria) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Halymenia floresii.jpg Halymenia (Halymenia) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Sargassum - 1.jpg Sargassum (Sargassum) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Padina boryana.JPG Turkeytail seaweed (Padina boryana) Script error: No such module "Lang".

Tonga

Image English name Indigenous name Description and use
File:Caulerpa cupressoides in Harvey 1858.JPG Cactus tree alga (Caulerpa cupressoides) Script error: No such module "Lang". [21]
File:FMIB 38401 Castagnea zosterae.jpeg Cladosiphon (Cladosiphon) Script error: No such module "Lang". [21]
File:Caulerpa cf peltata.jpg Flat-top sea grape (Caulerpa peltata) Script error: No such module "Lang". [21]
File:Caulerpa sertularioides.jpg Green feather algae (Caulerpa sertularioides) Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". [21]
File:Hypnea flexuosa A.C.Brown and N.Jarman (AM AK307804-2).jpg Hypnea charoides (Hypnea charoides) Script error: No such module "Lang". [21]
File:Caulerpa scalpelliformis 254298193.jpg Scalpel green seaweed (Caulerpa scalpelliformis) Script error: No such module "Lang". [21]
File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". [21]
File:The green seaweed, Caulerpa serrulata, at Ponta do Ouro, Mozambique (6661104601).jpg Serrated green seaweed (Caulerpa serrulata) Script error: No such module "Lang". [21]

Tuvalu

Image English name Indigenous name Description and use
File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) Script error: No such module "Lang".

Threats

Limu has become increasingly difficult to find because of over-picking, pollution, and urban development,[22] especially construction in watersheds. Many important kinds of limu grow best in brackish water where fresh water empties into the sea. Another threat to limu is the spread of marine alien invasive species, such as members of the genus Kappaphycus (smothering seaweed), Gracilaria salicornia (gorilla ogo), Avrainvillea amadelpha (leather mudweed), Hypnea musciformis (hook weed) and Acanthophora spicifera (prickly seaweed).[23]

See also

Further reading

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References

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  5. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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