Kuqa, Xinjiang

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KuqaTemplate:Efn (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is a county-level city in Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. It was once the homeland of the ancient Buddhist Kingdom of Kucha.

History

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". The archaeological excavation of Neolithic cultural sites, such as the Template:Ill (Template:Lang-zh), indicates that ancient human activity occurred in the land of Kuche as early as 12,000 years ago.[1][2]

According to the Book of Han (completed in 111 CE), Kucha was the largest of the "Thirty-six Kingdoms of the Western Regions", with a population of 81,317, including 21,076 persons able to bear arms.[3]Template:Rp

In 630, Xuanzang, a well-known Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler and translator visited Kucha during the Early Tang period.[4]

In the book "Hudud ul-'alam min al-mashriq ila al-maghrib", written in 982 by an unknown Arab or Persian writer, and presented to Abu'l Haret Muhammad, the ruler of Guzgan, the following is written regarding Kucha:

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"Kucha is located on the Chinese border and belongs to China, but the indigenous people, Dokuzoguzes, at times are engaged in raids and looting. This city has many advantages."

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Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a military general, in his historical book Tarikh-i-Rashidi used the word "Kūsān" for Kucha.

Mahmud Kashgari, in his Compendium of Turkic Languages (Divân-ı Lügati't-Türk), wrote the following about Kucha: "It is one of the cities built by Zülqarnayin (Alexander the Macedonian)."[5] He also wrote that Kucha was a Uyghur town.[6]

File:万国来朝图 (Kucha delegates 1761).jpg
Kucha (Script error: No such module "Lang".) delegates in Peking in 1761, 万国来朝图

In 1758, the Qing Dynasty took control of the area, and the Chinese character name 'Kuche' (Script error: No such module "Lang".) was made the name of the area.[7] Kuqa was formed as a county in 1913,[8] inside the fourth administrative district of Xinjiang Province.[9][10] In 1930, Xinjiang was partitioned into 12 districts to establish Tokesu County.[11]

On December 20, 2019, Kuqa County was disestablished and Kuqa City was created.[12]

Ancient Buddhist kingdom in Kuqa

Monasteries

  • Ta-mu had 170 priests.
  • Around Che-hu-li, on a hill north of the city of Po-shan, there were 50 or 60 monks.
  • Another Monastery was founded by King Wen-Su (Uch-Turfan) and had 70 monks.

Convents

There were two convents in A-li (Avania).

  • Liun-jo-kan: 50 nuns
  • A-li-po: 30 nuns

Another monastery, Tsio-li, north of Kucha and a famous place where Kumārajīva's mother Jīva retreated.

File:Kucha BLP495 PHOTO1118 1 185.jpg
Buddhist caves near Kuqa

Priests

Po-Yen

Known as Po-Yen, a priest from the royal family who traveled to the Chinese capital Luoyang between 256 and 260 BC. He translated six Buddhist texts into Chinese within the year 258 BC.

Po-Po-Śrīmitra

Po-Po-Śrīmitra is another priest from Kuqa who traveled Southern China between 307 and 312 BC and translated three Buddhist texts.

Po-Yen

A second Buddhist priest from Kuqa, known as Po-Yen, also went to Liangzhou (present-day Wuwei district in Gansu). Although not so well known in China, he translated many texts.[13]

Climate

Geography

File:Coinage of Rashidin Khoja. Rebel in Xīnjiāng (1863-1867) Kucha mint. Dually dated AH 1281 and RY 2 (AD 1864). Legend Said Ghazi Rashidin Khan. Ithneen in Arabic. Reverse Zarb dar al-sultanat Kuqa, 1281 in Arabic.jpg
Coinage of Rashidin Khoja. Kucha mint. Dually dated AH 1281 and RY 2 (AD 1864). Obverse legend: Said Ghazi Rashidin Khan. Ithneen in Arabic. Reverse: Zarb dar al-sultanat Kucha, 1281 in Arabic

The city is located at the southern periphery of the Tian Shan range, the northern portion of the Tarim Basin, and the centre of the autonomous region. It occupies part of the northeastern portion of Aksu Prefecture, bordering Xinhe County, Xayar County, and Luntai County, Heiing County, and Lopnur County in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Region.

Kuqa has a continental desert climate (Köppen BWk), with an average annual precipitation of Template:Convert, a majority of which occurs in summer. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from Template:Convert in January to Template:Convert in July, and the annual mean is Template:Convert. The frost-free period lasts for 266 days on average.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 54% in March to 69% in September and October, sunshine is abundant and the city receives 2,712 hours of bright sunshine annually.

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Administrative divisions

File:Kuqa May 2007 407.jpg
The "Kuqa" mosque

Kuqa has 4 subdistricts, 8 towns, 6 townships and one other area under its administration:[14][15][16][17]

Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Uyghur (UEY) Uyghur Latin (ULY) Administrative division code
Subdistricts
Reste Subdistrict Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration 652902001
Saqsaq Subdistrict Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration 652902002
Yengisheher Subdistrict
(Xincheng Subdistrict) 		Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration 652902003
Sherqiy Subdistrict
(Dongcheng Subdistrict) 		Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration 652902004
Towns
Uchar Town Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration 652902101
Alakaga Town Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration 652902102
Chimen Town Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang".[18] Template:Transliteration 652902103
Dongqotan Town Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration 652902104
Yaqa Town Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang".[19] Template:Transliteration 652902105
Uzun Town Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration 652902106
Ishxila Town Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration 652902107
Erbatey Town Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang".[20] Template:Transliteration 652902108
Townships
Uchosteng Township Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration 652902201
Biyixbag Township[21] Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration 652902202
Xanqitam Township Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration 652902203
Aqosteng Township Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration 652902204
Aghi Township Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration 652902205
Tarim Township Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration 652902206

Economy

Agricultural products include wheat, corn, rice, cotton as well as pears, apricots, melons, grapes, pomegranates, figs, etc. Specialty products include Sanbei Sheep (Script error: No such module "Lang".) lambskin, white apricots and thin-shelled walnuts. Mineral resources include oil and coal. Industries include coal mining, tractor manufacturing and repair, construction and processing for non-staple foods.[22]

Template:As of, there was about 99,200 acres (654,476 mu) of cultivated land in Kuqa.[23]

Demographics

Template:Historical populations

As of 2015, 440,125 of the 492,535 residents of Kuqa County were Uyghur, 49,021 were Han Chinese and 3,389 were from other ethnic groups.[24]

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As of 1999, 89.93% of the population of Kuqa County were Uyghur and 9.49% of the population was Han Chinese.[25]

Transportation

Kuqa is served by China National Highway 217, China National Highway 314,[22] the Southern Xinjiang Railway and Kuche Qiuci Airport.

Kuqa Town

File:Kuqa May 2007 426.jpg
Royal temple located near Kuqa

Kuqa is also the name of the central town (Template:Lang-zh), located in the easternmost area of Kuqa. It is the second largest town of Aksu Prefecture. Its area size is 14,528.74 square meters and population 470,600, composed of fourteen peoples including the Uyghurs, Hans, Huis, and Mongols. Kuqa is a thriving town of oil and natural gas development of the Tarim Basin, and of tourism, as it was once the homeland of the ancient Buddhist Kingdom of Kucha.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Its tourist attractions are:

Notable persons

  • Qurban Mamut, former editor-in-chief of the official Xinjiang Cultural Journal (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and detainee in the Xinjiang internment camps[26][27]

Historical maps

Historical English-language maps including Kuqa:

Notes

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References

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External links

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  5. ↑ Atalay, Besim (2006). Divanü Lügati't – Türk. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. Template:ISBN, Cilt I, sayfa 113, Cilt III, sayfa 219 ve 238
  6. ↑ Atalay, Besim (2006). Divanü Lügati't – Türk. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. Template:ISBN, Cilt III, sayfa 219
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  18. ↑ Template:GEOnet2, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  19. ↑ Template:GEOnet2, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  20. ↑ Template:GEOnet2, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  21. ↑ Template:GEOnet2, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
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  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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