Kotodama

Template:Short description Template:Italic title Template:Refimprove refers to the Japanese belief that mystical powers dwell in words and names. English translations include "soul of language", "spirit of language", "power of language", "power word", "magic word", and "sacred sound". The notion of kotodama presupposes that sounds can affect objects, and that ritual word usages can influence the environment, body, mind, and soul. Some interpret the belief as the discovery of commands words that can affect physiology and the mind.

Basis

This Japanese compound kotodama combines koto 言 "word; speech" and tama 霊 "spirit; soul" (or 魂 "soul; spirit; ghost") voiced as dama in rendaku. In contrast, the unvoiced kototama pronunciation especially refers to , which was popularized by Onisaburo Deguchi in the Oomoto religion. This field takes the Japanese gojūon phonology as the mystical basis of words and meanings, in a way that is roughly analogous to Hebrew Kabbalah.

Etymology

The etymology of kotodama is uncertain, but one explanation correlating words and events links two Japanese words pronounced koto: this Template:Category handler "word; words; speech" and 事 "situation; circumstances; state of affairs; occurrence; event; incident". These two kanji were used interchangeably in the name Kotoshironushi Template:Category handler or Template:Category handler, an oracular kami mentioned in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki. Kotodama is related with Japanese words such as kotoage Template:Category handler "words raised up; invoke the magical power of words", kotomuke Template:Category handler "directed words; cause submission though the power of words", and jumon Template:Category handler "magic spell; magic words; incantation".

Mythology

Kotodama is a central concept in Japanese mythology, Shinto, and Kokugaku. For example, the Kojiki describes an ukei (or seiyaku) Template:Category handler "covenant; trial by pledge" between the sibling gods Susanoo and Amaterasu, "Let each of us swear, and produce children." Uttering the divine words of the Shinto divination ritual known as ukehiTemplate:Clarify supposedly determines results, and in this case, Amaterasu giving birth to five male deities proved that Susanoo's intentions were pure.

Martial arts

Kototama or kotodama is also fundamental to Japanese martial arts, for instance, in the use of kiai. Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of aikido and a student of Deguchi, used kototama as a spiritual basis for his teachings. William Gleason says Ueshiba "created aikido based on the kototama principle," and quotes him that "Aikido is the superlative way to practice the kototama. It is the means by which one realizes his true nature as a god and finds ultimate freedom." Mutsuro Nakazono, a disciple of Ueshiba, wrote books on the importance of kototama in aikido, such as The Kototama Principle in 1983.

Equivalences

While other cultures have parallels to kotodama, such as mantra, yanling, mana, and logos, some Japanese people believe the "word spirit" is unique to the Japanese language. One of the classical names of Japan is ,Template:ISBN missing a phrase that originated in the Man'yōshū.

See also

• Template:Section link
• Cledonism
• Dōongo / Dōon Igigo (同音語 / 同音異義語, lit. "Like-Sound Utterance" / "Like-Sound Different-Meaning Utterance")—Homophones, while not a-part of Shinto-in-&-of-themselves, occur in many things that are considered lucky are considered-so because they are homophones of things that are lucky (i.e. Jū Nana meaning, both 'great wealth'/'prosperity' and the number #17), and, likewise, many things that are considered unlucky are considered-so because they are homophones of things that are unlucky (i.e. Shizan meaning, both, 'stillborn' and the number #43). See also Tetraphobia, Japanese superstitions and Onomatopoeia.
• Linguistic relativity
• Law of contagion
• Magic word
• Mantra
• Norito
• Om
  • Om mani padme hum
• Shabda
• Sympathetic magic
• True name

External links

• Kotodama, Encyclopedia of Shinto
• KOTODAMA, Encyclopedia of Aikido
• Kotodama: The Power of Words, A Videogame that teaches Japanese, Carnegie Mellon