John I of Aragon

John I (27 December 1350 – 19 May 1396), called by posterity the HunterTemplate:Efn or the Lover of Elegance,Template:Efn or the AbandonedTemplate:Efn in his lifetime, was the King of Aragon from 1387 until his death.

Biography

John was the eldest son of Peter IVTemplate:Sfn and his third wife, Eleanor,Template:Sfn who was the daughter of Peter II of Sicily. He was born in Perpignan,Template:Sfn capital of the Rousillon, which at that time was part of the Principality of Catalonia, in the Crown of Aragon. He was a man of insignificant character, with a taste for verse.Template:Sfn He was a FrancophileTemplate:Sfn and married Violant of Bar against the wishes of his father,Template:Sfn who had wanted him to marry a princess of Sicily. His last marriage was happy. His wife frequently participated in government, since the king was often ill.Template:Sfn

Once on the throne, John abandoned his father's relatively Anglophile policy and made an alliance with France. He continued Aragon's support for the Pope of the Avignon line, Clement VII,Template:Sfn in the Western Schism. John also made an alliance with Castile, and confirmed in 1388 a treaty with Navarre fixing borders between these kingdoms.Template:Sfn

In 1389–90, the Aragonese battled the troops of the Count of Armagnac, John III, who was attempting to conquer the lands of the vassal Kingdom of Majorca. The attack went from Empordà to Girona. The invaders were defeated in 1390 by Aragonese troops commanded by John's brother Martin.

During 1388–90, John gradually lost all lands of the Duchies of Athens and Neopatras in Greece. In 1391, John promulgated legislation on Jews in different cities of the Kingdom of Aragon. Also in 1391, his administration faced a revolt in the vassal kingdom of Sicily, where the population had proclaimed Louis II of Naples as king.

John was a protector of culture of Barcelona. He established in 1393 the Consistory of Barcelona (jocs florals), imitating the same office in Toulouse.

Aragon had been attempting to subjugate Sardinia since the reign of James II, and gradually the Aragonese had conquered most of the island. However, in the 1380s, the remaining independent principality Arborea became a fortress of rebellion and the Aragonese were rapidly driven back by Eleanor de Bas-Serra. The Aragonese continued in John's reign to attempt to suppress rebels in Sardinia and regain lost territories. However, during John's reign, practically the whole of Sardinia was lost.

John's reign was characterized by disastrous financial administration.

He died during a hunt in forests near Foixà by a fall from his horse. Leaving no sons, he was succeeded by his younger brother Martin.Template:Sfn

Family and children

From his first marriage on 24 June 1373 to Martha of Armagnac (18 February 1347 - 23 October 1378),Template:Sfn daughter of Count Jean I of Armagnac:

• James (Valencia, 24 June 1374 - Valencia, 22 August 1374)
• Joanna (Daroca, October 1375 - Valencia, September 1407), who married on 4 June 1392 at Barcelona to Mathieu, Count of Foix. Together they claimed the throne of Aragon after her father's death. Matthew of Foix invaded Aragonese territories, but was driven back by the new King Martin. Joanna died soon after, childless.
• John (Barcelona, 23 July 1376Template:Spaced ndash 24/31 July 1376)
• Alfonso (9 September 1377Template:Spaced ndash 1377)
• Eleanor (Zaragoza, 13 July 1378Template:Spaced ndash Zaragoza, 1378)Template:Sfn

From his second marriage on 2 February 1380 to Yolande of Bar (c. 1365 - 3 July 1431),Template:Sfn daughter of Robert I, Duke of Bar and Marie of Valois:Template:Sfn

• James (22 March 1382Template:Spaced ndash 1 September 1388), Duke of Girona and Count of Cervera
• Yolande (Zaragoza 1384 - Saumur 14 November 1442), married on 2 December 1400 to Louis II of NaplesTemplate:Sfn
• Ferdinand (18 March 1389 - Monzón, October 1389), Duke of Girona and Count of Cervera
• Antonia (1391Template:Spaced ndash 1392)
• Eleanor (2 January 1393Template:Spaced ndash July 1393)
• Peter (13 January 1394Template:Spaced ndash January 1394), Duke of Girona and Count of Cervera
• Joanna (12 JanuaryTemplate:Spaced ndash 4 August 1396)

Sources

• Gómez, Maricarmen: "Música y corte a fines del Medioevo: el episodio del Sur", in Historia de la música en España e Hispanoamérica 1. De los orígenes hasta c. 1470. Madrid-México D.F., Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2009. Template:ISBN
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: