Kattegat

The Kattegat (Template:IPAc-en; ; Template:Langx ) is a sea area bounded by the peninsula of Jutland in the west, the Danish straits islands of Denmark and the Baltic Sea to the south and the Swedish provinces of Bohuslän, Västergötland, Halland and Scania in Sweden in the east. The Baltic Sea drains into the Kattegat through the Danish straits. The sea area is a continuation of the Skagerrak and may be seen as a bay of the North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, though it is not called a bay in traditional Scandinavian usage.

The Kattegat is rather shallow and can be dangerous to navigate due to many sandy, stony reefs and the tricky shifting currents. In modern times, artificial seabed channels have been dug, many reefs have been dredged either by sand pumping or boulder clearance, and a well-developed light signaling network has been installed to protect the heavy international traffic on this small sea.

There are several large cities and major ports on the Kattegat, including, in descending size, Gothenburg, Aarhus, Aalborg, Halmstad, Varberg and Frederikshavn.

Geography

File:Gothenburg juli 2009 (ubt)-000.JPG

Älvsborg at Gothenburg, a sea fortress in the Kattegat

According to the definition established in a 1932 convention signed by Denmark, Norway and Sweden (registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series 1933–1934), the Kattegat's boundary with the Skagerrak is at the northernmost point of Skagen on Jutland, and its boundary with the Øresund is at the tip of the Kullen Peninsula in Scania.

Major waterways that drain into the Kattegat are the rivers of Göta älv at Gothenburg, together with the Lagan, Nissan, Ätran and Viskan in the province of Halland on the Swedish side, and the Danish river of Gudenå in Jutland.

The main islands of the Kattegat are Samsø, Læsø and Anholt; due to their relatively dry climate, the last two are perceived to belong to "the Danish desert belt".

A number of noteworthy coastal areas abut the Kattegat, including the Kullaberg Nature Reserve in Scania, which contains a number of rare species and a scenic rocky shore, the town of Mölle, which has a picturesque harbour and views into the Kullaberg, and Skagen at the northern tip of Denmark.

Since the 1950s, a bridge proposal usually referred to as Kattegatbroen (the Kattegat Bridge) to connect Jutland and Zealand across the Kattegat has been considered. Since the late 2000s, there has been renewed interest in it from several influential politicians in Denmark. Such a bridge is usually envisioned as connecting Hov (a village south of Odder in the Aarhus area) with Samsø and Kalundborg.

Extent

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the "Kattegat, Sound and Belts" (that is, the Kattegat, Øresund, Great Belt, and Little Belt) as follows:

On the North: A line joining Skagen (The Skaw, northernmost point of Denmark) and Paternoster Skær () and thence northeastward through the shoals to Tjörn Island.

On the South: The limits of the Baltic Sea in the Belts and Sound:

• In the Little Belt: A line joining Falshöft () and Vejsnæs Nakke (Ærö: ).
• In the Great Belt: A line joining Gulstav (Southernmost extremity of Langeland Island, ) and Kappel Kirke () on the island of Laaland.
• In the Guldborg Sund: A line joining Flinthorne-Rev () and Skelby ();
• In the Sound: A line joining Stevns Lighthouse () and Falsterbo Point ().

Etymology

According to Den Store Danske Encyklopædi and Template:Ill, the name is from the Dutch words 'cat's' and 'gate, passage'. It derives from late medieval navigation, in which captains of the Hanseatic trading fleets compared the Danish straits to a passage so tight that even a cat would have difficulty squeezing its way through, owing to the many reefs and shoals. At one point, the passable waters were wide. (The name of the Copenhagen street Kattesundet also means a narrow passage, Template:Literal translation.)

An archaic name for the Kattegat together with the Skagerrak was the Norwegian Sea or Jutland Sea (Knýtlinga saga mentions the name Jótlandshaf). Its ancient Latin name was .

History

Controlling and having access to the Kattegat have been important throughout the history of international seafaring. Until the completion of the Eider Canal in 1784, the Kattegat was the only sea route into and out of the Baltic region.

Beginning in 1429 in the Middle Ages, the Danish royal familyTemplate:Sndand later the state of DenmarkTemplate:Sndprofited greatly from the Sound dues, a toll charged for passage through the Øresund, while Copenhagen sheltered and repaired ships and provided trade opportunities and protection from piracy. The dues were lifted in 1857.

Biology

The salinity in the Kattegat has a pronounced two-layer structure. The upper layer's salinity is between 18‰ and 26‰, while that of the lower layer (separated by a strong halocline at around ) has a salinity between 32‰ and 34‰. The lower layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Skagerrak, with a salinity on par with most other coastal seawaters, while the upper layer, consisting of inflowing seawater from the Baltic Sea, has a much lower salinity, comparable to brackish water, but still a great deal higher than the rest of the Baltic. These two opposing flows transport a net surplus of of seawater from the Baltic to the Skagerrak every year. During strong winds, the Kattegat's layers are completely mixed in places such as the Great Belt, making the overall salinity highly variable. This leads to some distinctive conditions for sealife in the area.

Cold seeps, known locally as bubbling reefs (Template:Langx), can be found in the northern Kattegat. Unlike those in most other places (including the North Sea and Skagerrak), the Kattegat's cold seeps are at relatively shallow depths, generally from below the surface. The seeps rely on methane deposited during the Eemian period and during calm weather the bubbles can sometimes be seen on the surface of the water. Carbonate cementation and lithification form slaps or pillars up to tall and support a rich biodiversity. Due to their distinct properties, the Kattegat bubbling reefs are under protection and are recognised by the European Union (EU) as a Natura 2000 habitat (type 1180).

Ecological collapse

The Kattegat, characterised by widespread anoxia, was one of the first marine dead zones to be noted in the 1970s, when scientists began to study the effects of heavy industry on the natural world. Since then, research has leant much insight into processes like eutrophication, and how to deal with it. Since the first Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment in 1985, Denmark and the EU have begun costly, far-reaching domestic projects to stop, repair and prevent these environmentally destructive and economically damaging processes and are now busy implementing the fourth Action Plan. The action plans sum up a broad range of initiatives and include the so-called Nitrate Directives. The action plans have generally been viewed as a success, although the work is not finished and not all goals have been met yet.

Protections and regulation

File:Vista de Greenen.JPG

Grenen in Denmark is important for bird migrations and is a protected area.

File:Hovs hallar.JPG

Bjärekusten Nature Reserve with Hovs Hallar in Sweden.

Due to its very heavy sea traffic and many large coastal settlements, the Kattegat has been designated as a Sulphur Emission Control Area as part of the Baltic Sea since 2006. As from 1 January 2016 the benchmark for sulphur in fuels was lowered to 0.1%.

Several large areas of the Kattegat are designated under Natura 2000 and various bird protections such as the Ramsar Convention. The remaining larger shallow reefs are among the protections, as they are important spawning and feeding grounds for fish and marine mammals and support a thriving but threatened biodiversity. Protected areas include:

Denmark

• Grenen
• The Bay of Aalborg, comprising a shallow sea area.
• Beach meadows on Læsø and the stony reefs south of the island.
• Anholt and the sea north of the island.

Sweden

• The Nordre älv estuary north of Gothenburg. An important spot for migratory birds and fish.
• The Vrångö archipelago (Swedish: Vrångöskärgården), part of the Archipelago of Gothenburg. An important reproduction area for seabirds and seals.
• Kungsbacka Fjord. A shallow water fjord between Gothenburg and Varberg, including important salt marshes.
• Hovs Hallar
• Kullaberg Nature Reserve

Gallery

• There are several offshore windfarms in the Kattegat.
  There are several offshore windfarms in the Kattegat.
• Some of the world's busiest shipping lanes pass through the Kattegat.
  Some of the world's busiest shipping lanes pass through the Kattegat.
• The larger shallow sand and stony reefs have been equipped with light signaling in modern times.
  The larger shallow sand and stony reefs have been equipped with light signaling in modern times.
• There are several small archipelagos near the mainland in the Swedish part of the Kattegat.
  There are several small archipelagos near the mainland in the Swedish part of the Kattegat.
• The Swedish coasts in the Kattegat are rocky shores, like this one in Kullaberg, or sandy or gravel beaches.
  The Swedish coasts in the Kattegat are rocky shores, like this one in Kullaberg, or sandy or gravel beaches.
• All the Danish coasts in the Kattegat are sandy or gravel beaches with no exposed bedrock.
  All the Danish coasts in the Kattegat are sandy or gravel beaches with no exposed bedrock.

See also

• Øresund Bridge

External links

• Template:Cite Americana
• Template:Cite Collier's