Newspaper of record

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File:NYTimesBldgByLuigiNovi2.jpg
The New York Times Building in Midtown Manhattan. Some meanings of the term originated in reference to The New York Times.

A newspaper of record is a major national newspaper with large circulation whose editorial and news-gathering functions are considered authoritative and independent; they are thus "newspapers of record by reputation" and include some of the oldest and most widely respected newspapers in the world. The number and trend of "newspapers of record by reputation" is related to the state of press freedom and political freedom in a country.[1][2]

It may also be a newspaper authorized to publish public or legal notices, thus serving as a newspaper of public record. A newspaper whose editorial content is directed by the state can be referred to as an official newspaper of record, but the lack of editorial independence means that it is not a "newspaper of record by reputation". Newspapers of record by reputation that focus on business can also be called newspapers of financial record.[1][2]

Newspapers of public record

File:Le Figaro, boulevard Haussmann.JPG
Paris headquarters of Script error: No such module "Lang"., France's centre-right newspaper of record (public record and by reputation)

A "newspaper of public record", or government gazette, refers to a publicly available newspaper that is authorized by a government to publish public or legal notices.[3] It is often established by statute or official action and publication of notices within it, whether by the government or a private party, is considered sufficient to comply with legal requirements for public notice.[4] Such gazettes may have minimal or no editorial content (opinion articles), and are focused on public notification of state services and state decisions; an example is Latvia's Latvijas Vēstnesis.[5]

In some jurisdictions, privately owned newspapers may register with the government to publish public and legal notices, or be otherwise eligible to publish such notices (terms used may include "newspaper of general circulation" among others).[6][7][8] Likewise, a private newspaper may be designated by the courts for publication of legal notices, such as notices of fictitious business names, if judicial and statutory standards are met.[9][10] These are sometimes called "legally adjudicated newspapers".[11]

Government organs

The term "newspapers of public record" can also denote those owned and operated by a government that directs their entire editorial content. Such newspapers, while pejoratively termed "state mouthpieces", can also be called "official newspapers of record", independently of whether they publish legal notices – distinguishing them from a gazette whose primary role is to publish notices, as their entire content represents the official view and doctrine of the state. This kind of official newspaper is distinct from newspapers of record by reputation, and is liable to fail the reputation criterion due to its governmental control. The word "official" can be used to distinguish them from "newspapers of record by reputation". Examples include Russia's Rossiyskaya Gazeta,[12] North Korea's Rodong Sinmun,[13] and China's People's Daily.[14]

Newspapers of record by reputation

File:NZZ Erstausgabe Titelseite.jpg
First edition of Neue Zürcher Zeitung (1780), the world's oldest newspaper of record by reputation

The second type of "newspaper of record" (also "journal of record", or in French Script error: No such module "Lang".) is not defined by formal criteria, and its characteristics vary. The category comprises newspapers that are considered to meet high standards of journalism, including editorial independence (particularly from the government and from its owners), accountability (mistakes are acknowledged), attention to detail and accuracy, and comprehensiveness and balance of coverage;[15] they are regarded internationally (as well as in their own country/region) by major global outlets.[16][17]

Despite changes in society, newspapers of record by reputation have historically tended to maintain a similar tone, coverage, style, and traditions; many are over a century old and some over two centuries old (e.g., Neue Zürcher Zeitung, The Times, The Guardian, Script error: No such module "Lang"., and The Sydney Morning Herald).[16] Newspapers of record by reputation can be respected for the accuracy and quality of their reporting and still be either ideologically conservative (e.g., The Wall Street Journal and The Telegraph) or ideologically liberal (e.g., The Washington Post and The Guardian).[18]

Although many countries are proud of their newspapers of record by reputation, in some countries they face an openly hostile state or political system that tries to suppress their press freedoms. Examples include Turkey's Cumhuriyet, where many of the staff have been imprisoned;[19] Panama's La Prensa, where staff have been shot and the owners forced into exile;[20] and Venezuela's El Nacional,[21] which was forced out of print when the state seized its assets (see examples of fallen newspapers of record).[22]

Etymology

The term is believed to have originated among librarians who began referring to The New York Times as the "newspaper of record" when it became the first U.S. newspaper in 1913 to publish an index of the subjects it covered.[18][23] In recognition of that usage, The New York Times held an essay contest in 1927 in which entrants had to demonstrate "The Value of The New York Times Index and Files as a Newspaper of Record". The New York Times, and other newspapers of its type sought to chronicle events, acting as a record of the day's announcements, schedules, directories, proceedings, transcripts, and appointments. By 2004, The New York Times no longer considered itself a newspaper of record in the original, literal sense.[24]

Over time, historians relied on The New York Times and similar titles as a reliable archival and historical record of significant past events, and a gauge of societal opinions at the time of printing. The term "newspaper of record" evolved from its original literal sense to that newer meaning.[23]

The derived term "financial (or business) newspaper of record" is attributed to The Wall Street Journal,[25][26] the Financial Times,[27] and to the Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Nikkei).[28] While newspapers of record by reputation are typically major widely-read national (and international) publications, subject-specific newspapers of record also exist (see examples of subject-specific newspapers of record).

Examples of existing newspapers

Country Region Logo Name City of publication Founded Language Refs.
Template:Flagicon Argentina South America Script error: No such module "sort". La Nación Buenos Aires 1870 Spanish [21][29][30]
Template:Flagicon Australia Oceania Script error: No such module "sort". The Age Melbourne 1854 English [15][18]
Script error: No such module "sort". The Sydney Morning Herald Sydney 1831 [31][15][18]
Template:Flagicon Austria Central Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Die Presse Vienna 1848Template:Efn German [32]
Script error: No such module "sort". Der Standard 1988 [33]
Template:Flagicon Bahamas North America Script error: No such module "sort". The Nassau Guardian Nassau 1844 English [34]
Template:Flagicon Bangladesh South Asia File:Logo of The Daily Star.svg The Daily Star Dhaka 2004 English [35][36]
Template:Flagicon Belgium West Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Le Soir Brussels 1887 French [37]
Script error: No such module "sort". De Standaard Groot-Bijgaarden 1918 Dutch [38]
Template:Flagicon Bolivia South America Script error: No such module "sort". El Diario La Paz 1904 Spanish [39]
Template:Flagicon Brazil South America Script error: No such module "sort". O Estado de S. Paulo São Paulo 1875 Portuguese [40][41]
Script error: No such module "sort". Folha de S.Paulo 1921 [42]
Script error: No such module "sort". O Globo Rio de Janeiro 1925 [21]
Template:Flagicon Canada North America Script error: No such module "sort". Le Devoir Montreal 1910 French [43]
Script error: No such module "sort". La Presse 1884 [44][45]
Script error: No such module "sort". The Globe and Mail Toronto 1844Template:Efn English [46][47][48][49][18]
Template:Flagicon Chile South America Script error: No such module "sort". El Mercurio Santiago 1900Template:Efn Spanish [21][50]
Template:Flagicon Colombia South America Script error: No such module "sort". El Tiempo Bogotá 1911 Spanish [21][51][52]
Script error: No such module "sort". El Espectador Bogotá 1887[53] Spanish [54][55][56]
Template:Flagicon Costa Rica Central America Script error: No such module "sort". La Nación San José 1946 Spanish [57][58][59]
Template:Flagicon Czech Republic Central Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Lidové noviny Prague 1893 Czech [60]
Template:Flagicon Denmark North Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Berlingske Copenhagen 1749Template:Efn Danish [61][62][63]
Template:Flagicon Dominican Republic North America Script error: No such module "sort". Listín Diario Santo Domingo 1889 Spanish [64][65]
Template:Flagicon Ecuador South America Script error: No such module "sort". El Comercio Quito 1921 Spanish [21][66][67]
Template:Flagicon Egypt North Africa Script error: No such module "sort". Al-Ahram Cairo 1875 Arabic [68][69][70]
Script error: No such module "sort". Al-Masry Al-Youm 2004 [71]
Template:Flagicon Finland North Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Helsingin Sanomat Helsinki 1889 Finnish [61][72]
Template:Flagicon France West Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "Lang". Paris 1826Template:Efn French [73][74][75]
Script error: No such module "sort". Libération 1973 [73][76]
Script error: No such module "sort". Le Monde 1944Template:Efn [73][77][78][75]
Template:Flagicon Germany West Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Frankfurt 1949Template:Efn German [79][80][50]
Script error: No such module "sort". Süddeutsche Zeitung Munich 1945 [79][81]
Script error: No such module "sort". Die Welt Berlin 1946 [82]
Script error: No such module "sort". Die Zeit Hamburg 1946 [81][75]
Template:Flagicon Greece South Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Kathimerini Athens 1919 Greek [83][84]
Template:Flagicon Guatemala North America Script error: No such module "sort". Prensa Libre Guatemala City 1951 Spanish [85]
Template:Flagicon Haiti North America Script error: No such module "sort". Le Nouvelliste Port-au-Prince 1898 French [86][87]
Template:Flagicon Hong Kong East Asia Script error: No such module "sort". South China Morning Post Hong Kong 1903 English [88][89]
Template:Flagicon Iceland North Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Morgunblaðið Reykjavík 1913 Icelandic [90][91]
Template:Flagicon India South Asia Script error: No such module "sort". The Hindu Chennai 1878 English [92][93]
Script error: No such module "sort". The Times of India Mumbai 1838Template:Efn [18][94][15]
Template:Flagicon Indonesia Southeast Asia Script error: No such module "sort". Kompas Jakarta 1965 Indonesian [95][96]
Template:Flagicon Iran West Asia Script error: No such module "sort". Ettela'at Tehran 1926 Persian [97][98]
Template:Flagicon Ireland North Europe Script error: No such module "sort". The Irish Times Dublin 1859 English [99][15][100]
Template:Flagicon Israel West Asia Script error: No such module "sort". Haaretz Tel Aviv 1919 Hebrew and English [101][102][103][104][18]
Template:Flagicon Italy South Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Corriere della Sera Milan 1876 Italian [105][106][107][75]
Script error: No such module "sort". la Repubblica Rome 1976 [107]
Il Sole 24 Ore Il Sole 24 Ore Milan 1965 [108]
Script error: No such module "sort". La Stampa Turin 1867 [109][75]
Script error: No such module "sort". Il Messaggero Rome 1878 [110]
Template:Flagicon Jamaica North America Script error: No such module "sort". The Gleaner Kingston 1834 English [111][112]
Template:Flagicon Japan East Asia Script error: No such module "sort". The Asahi Shimbun Osaka 1879 Japanese and English [113][114][115]
Script error: No such module "sort". Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Nikkei) Tokyo 1876 [28]
Script error: No such module "sort". Yomiuri Shimbun 1874 [116]
Script error: No such module "sort". Mainichi Shimbun 1872 [117]
Template:Flagicon Kenya East Africa Script error: No such module "sort". Daily Nation Nairobi 1960Template:Efn English [118][119][120]
Template:Flagicon Lebanon West Asia Script error: No such module "sort". An-Nahar Beirut 1933 Arabic [121]
Template:Flagicon Malaysia Southeast Asia Script error: No such module "sort". New Straits TimesTemplate:Efn Kuala Lumpur 1965Template:Efn English [122][123][124]
Template:Flagicon Mexico North America Script error: No such module "sort". Excélsior Mexico City 1917 Spanish [125]
Script error: No such module "sort". Reforma 1993 [21]
Template:Flagicon Netherlands West Europe Script error: No such module "sort". NRC Amsterdam 1970Template:Efn Dutch [126]
Template:Flagicon New Zealand Oceania Script error: No such module "sort". The New Zealand Herald Auckland 1863 English [15][127]
Template:Flagicon Nigeria West Africa Script error: No such module "sort". The Guardian Lagos 1983 English [128][129][130]
Template:Flagicon North Korea East Asia Script error: No such module "sort". Rodong Sinmun Pyongyang 1945 Korean [131]
Template:Flagicon Norway North Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Aftenposten Oslo 1860 Norwegian
(Riksmål) 		[61][132]
Template:Flagicon Pakistan South Asia Script error: No such module "sort". Dawn Karachi 1941 English [133][134][135]
South Asia File:Daily Jang logo (2024).png Jang Karachi 1939 Urdu [136][137]
Template:Flagicon Panama North America Script error: No such module "sort". La Prensa Panama City 1980 Spanish [138][139][20]
Template:Flagicon Paraguay South America Script error: No such module "sort". ABC Color Asunción 1967 Spanish [140]
Template:Flagicon Peru South America Script error: No such module "sort". Script error: No such module "Lang". Lima 1839 Spanish [21]
Template:Flagicon Philippines Southeast Asia Script error: No such module "sort". Philippine Daily Inquirer Makati 1985 English [141][142]
Template:Flagicon Poland Central Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Gazeta Wyborcza Warsaw 1989 Polish [143][144]
Script error: No such module "sort". Rzeczpospolita 1920Template:Efn [143][145]
Template:Flagicon Portugal South Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Diário de Notícias Lisbon 1864 Portuguese [146][147]
Script error: No such module "sort". Público Lisbon 1990 [148][149][150]
Template:Flagicon Republic of the Congo Central Africa La Semaine Africaine Brazzaville 1952 French [151][152]
Template:Flagicon Romania Southern Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Adevărul Bucharest 1871 Romanian [153][154][155]
Template:Flagicon Serbia South Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Danas Belgrade 1997 Serbian [156]
Template:Flagicon Singapore Southeast Asia Script error: No such module "sort". The Straits TimesTemplate:Efn Singapore 1845 English [122][123][157]
Template:Flagicon South Africa South Africa Script error: No such module "sort". Mail & Guardian Johannesburg 1985 English [158][159]
Template:Flagicon South Korea East Asia Script error: No such module "sort". The Chosun Ilbo Seoul 1920 Korean [160]
Script error: No such module "sort". The Dong-A Ilbo 1920 [160]
Script error: No such module "sort". JoongAng Ilbo 1965 [160]
Template:Flagicon Spain South Europe Script error: No such module "sort". La Vanguardia Barcelona 1881 Spanish [161]
Script error: No such module "sort". ABC Madrid 1903 [162][163]
Script error: No such module "sort". El Mundo 1989 [164][75]
Script error: No such module "sort". El País 1976 [165][166][75]
Template:Flagicon Sweden North Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Dagens Nyheter Stockholm 1864 Swedish [61][167]
Template:Flagicon Switzerland West Europe Script error: No such module "sort". Neue Zürcher Zeitung Zurich 1780 German [168][169][170][75]
Script error: No such module "sort". Le Temps Geneva 1998Template:Efn French [171][170][172]
Template:Flagicon Thailand Southeast Asia Script error: No such module "sort". Bangkok Post Bangkok 1946 English [173][174][175][176]
Script error: No such module "sort". The Nation 1971 [177]
Template:Flagicon Trinidad and Tobago North America Script error: No such module "sort". Trinidad and Tobago Guardian Port of Spain 1917 English [178][179]
Template:Flagicon Turkey West Asia Script error: No such module "sort". Cumhuriyet Istanbul 1924 Turkish [19]
Template:Flagicon United Kingdom North Europe Script error: No such module "sort". The Daily Telegraph London 1855 English [15][180][18]
Script error: No such module "sort". Financial Times 1888 [15][18][27][75]
Script error: No such module "sort". The Guardian 1821Template:Efn [18][75][94]
Script error: No such module "sort". The Times 1785Template:Efn [180][15][18]
Template:Flagicon United States North America Script error: No such module "sort". Los Angeles Times Los Angeles 1881 English [15][18]
Script error: No such module "sort". The New York Times New York City 1851 [15][18][181][182]
Script error: No such module "sort". The Wall Street Journal 1889 [15][18][75][183]
Script error: No such module "sort". The Washington Post Washington, D.C. 1877 [15][18][75][183]
Template:Flagicon Vatican City South Europe Script error: No such module "sort". L'Osservatore Romano Rome 1861 Italian, English, French, Spanish, German, Polish, and Portuguese [184][185]

Examples of fallen newspapers

File:El Nacional building.jpg
The former headquarters of El Nacional, Venezuela's long-standing newspaper of record,[21] which was seized by the state in 2018 and forced out of newsprint production[22]

Over time, some established newspapers of record by reputation have lost their status due to financial collapse, take-over or merger by another entity that did not have the same standards or allowed increased government control and suppression of the paper's editorial independence. The existence of newspapers of record by reputation is an aspect of the level of press freedom and political freedom in a country, with major first-world democracies having several such newspapers (e.g. United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Italy and Japan); in contrast, countries that have seen a decline in their newspapers of record by reputation can represent a decline in levels of personal and political freedom (e.g. Zimbabwe, Venezuela, and Cambodia).[1]

Examples include:

  • Zimbabwe's The Herald, lost its status as an established newspaper of record when it was eventually taken over by Robert Mugabe's Zanu-PF party.[186]
  • Venezuela's newspaper of record, El Nacional,[21] was forced out of print by the state in 2018, and its headquarters was given to a high-ranking official.[22]
  • London-based pan-Arab newspaper of record, Al-Hayat, ceased in 2020 due to financial and political pressures.[187][188]
  • In Cambodia, the Hun Sen administration forced both of Cambodia's newspapers of record out of business using contrived tax fines that resulted in the closure of The Cambodia Daily in 2017,[189][190] and the sale of The Phnom Penh Post to a close ally of the Hun Sen administration in 2018.[191][192]
  • Latvian newspaper Diena saw its established status as a newspaper of record diminish after a 2010 takeover, with the Historical Dictionary of Latvia (2017) listing it as "holding tenuously to a popular newspaper-of-record sentiment at home and abroad" due to "questions of ownership and if said owners influence newspaper content".[193]
  • Népszabadság, Hungary's de facto newspaper of record, ceased publication in 2016 due to political and financial pressure.[194]

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

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  1. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ See, for example, L.N. 362 of 1997 of The Government of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Gazette
  7. ↑ For example, see Texas Local Government Code - Section 52.004. Official Newspaper Template:Webarchive
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ See, e.g., Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "The dean of Dominican newspapers is Listín Diario, founded in 1889 and still the most-read newspaper in the country, with a reported circulation of 88,000."
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Some elite dailies are over a century old and have established global reputations for journalistic excellence. Some of the more venerable are La Prensa (1869) and La Nación (1870) of Buenos Aires, Argentina; O Estado de São Paulo (1875) of São Paulo, Brazil; Jornal do Brasil (1891) and O Globo (1925) of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Listín Diario (1889) of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; El Mercurio (1900) of Santiago, Chile; El Comercio (1839) of Lima, Peru; El Universal (1916) and Excélsior (1936) of Mexico City; El Tiempo (1911) of Bogotá, Colombia; El Universal (1909) and El Nacional (1943) of Caracas, Venezuela; El Telégrafo (1884) of Guayaquil and El Comercio (1921) of Quito, Ecuador; El Diario (1904) of La Paz, Bolivia; and La Prensa Libre (1889) and La Nación (1946) of San José, Costa Rica."
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ "Le Monde, whose print edition comes out around lunchtime, was launched at the end of Nazi occupation of France in 1944 and took on the role of France's newspaper of record alongside the more conservative Le Figaro." - France's Le Monde newspaper editor quits after power struggle with staff Template:Webarchive, Reuters, 14 May 2014
  75. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  123. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Cbignore
  127. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  136. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  138. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  142. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  143. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  144. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  147. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  148. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  149. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  151. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  153. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  154. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  155. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  156. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  157. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  158. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  159. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  160. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  161. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  162. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  163. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  164. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  165. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  166. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  167. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  168. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  169. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  170. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  171. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  172. ↑ The Quality of the Media, Template:Webarchive, main findings, Research Department on Public Opinion and Society (FÖG) of the University of Zurich, 2012.
  173. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  174. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  175. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  176. ↑ Template:Cite thesis
  177. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  178. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  179. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  180. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  181. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  182. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  183. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  184. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  185. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  186. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  187. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  188. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  189. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  190. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  191. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  192. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  193. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  194. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Works cited

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Navbox".

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