Joint task force

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". A joint task force is a "joint" (multi-service) ad hoc military formation. The task force concept originated with the United States Navy in the 1920s and 1930s.Template:Sfn

"Combined" is the British-American military term for multi-national formations.

File:NATO Task Group 100.1 ships during BALTOPS 1985.jpeg
Ships of Task Group 100.1 during Exercise BALTOPS, 1985

There are two ways in which a U.S. or U.S.-allied task force may be assigned a number.Template:Sfn The first is the originally naval scheme promulgated and governed by the Military Command, Control, Communications, and Computers Executive Board (MC4EB), chaired by the Joint Staff J6. Task force numbers allocated under this scheme form the majority of the listings below.

The second is a by-product of the U.S. Army's procedure for forming task-organised forces for combat, differing from strictly doctrinally assigned table of organization and equipment organizations. A battalion, company or brigade commander has very wide latitude in selecting a task force name,[1] though often the name of the commander is used (e.g. Task Force Faith; Task Force Smith was named for the commander of the 1st Battalion, 21st Infantry Regiment). This has often resulted in derivations from the originator unit's numerical designation being used. For example, when a special operations aviation unit was being formed in the late 1970s, the original unit drew heavily on personnel from the 158th Aviation. The designation chosen was Task Force 158, which later grew to become the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. Another example comes from 2004 in Afghanistan. On 15 April 2004 the headquarters of the U.S. Army's 25th Infantry Division arrived in Afghanistan and took command of CJTF-180 from the 10th Mountain Division. Lieutenant General David Barno, commanding then decided to rename CJTF 180 because the “180” designation had traditionally been given to Joint task forces led by the Army's XVIII Airborne Corps. Barno chose Combined Joint Task Force 76 as the new name to evoke America's history and the democratic spirit of 1776.[2] The CFC-A commander intended this new designation to highlight the change in command at the operational level at a time when Afghanistan appeared to be moving closer to democracy.

File:Operation Corporate command structure 1982.png
An example of a changing naval task force structure, promulgated by signal: the Royal Navy in the Falklands War

No coordination appears to occur between U.S. Army task forces designated in this way, and the USMCEB scheme. This has resulted in simultaneous designations being used at the same time. For example, Combined Joint Task Force 76, was in use in Afghanistan in 2004, but doubling up on the Task Force 76 designation used for decades by Amphibious Force, United States Seventh Fleet, in north Asia.

Joint Task Force Exercise (JTFEX)[3] is designed to test a strike group's ability to operate in hostile and complex environments with other U.S. and coalition forces. The integrated exercise combines specific warfare areas with the purpose of making preparations for the strike group's upcoming deployment. An example of such an exercise includes The John F. Kennedy (CV-67) Carrier Battle Group which participated in Joint Task Force Exercise (JTFEX) 02–1,[4] in the waters off the East Coast as well as on training ranges in North Carolina and Florida during Operation Enduring Freedom January 19, 2002

Numbered USMCEB joint task forces

Allied Communications Publication 113: Call Signs Book for Ships in its Annex B lists allocations of task force numbers from 1 to approximately 1000, allocated by the United States Military Communications-Electronic Board in blocks for use by the United States Department of Defense and allies.

Norman Polmar noted in Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, 2005, that the task forces under the commanders of the Atlantic and Pacific Fleet are mainly for contingency purposes.[5] They are employed for specific operations and exercises.

Combined Task Force (CTF) 13 conducted a simulated long range raid on Camp Hanson, Okinawa Japan, March 21, 2016. CTF-13 conducted the raid, which commenced in South Korea, to demonstrate air assault, multi-continent long-range raid capabilities. CTF 13 included 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines.

Joint task force Abbrev. State Notes
Joint Task Force 1 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Operation Crossroads, Task Force One later utilized for Operation Sea Orbit
Joint Task Force 2 Script error: No such module "Sort". CAN In September 1964, Major General George Brown was selected to organize and command JTF-2, a Joint Chiefs of Staff organization formed at Sandia Base, New Mexico, to test the services' weapon systems. It was staffed by personnel of all three services.Template:Sfn Low Altitude Program nuclear test organisation, 1965–70.[6] In 1990s seemingly transferred to Canada, possibly completely out of USMCEB formal system for use by Canadian special forces. The Canadian SOF unit that took this designation was formed on 1 April 1993.
Joint Task Force 3 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Formed late 1949 in preparation for Operation Greenhouse nuclear test series.[7]
Joint Task Force 4 Script error: No such module "Sort". US From 1960 to 1 December 1963, planning headquarters for Sub-Saharan Africa, responsible to Atlantic Command. Lt Gen Louis W. Truman reassigned as chief of staff for Caribbean operations during Cuban Missile Crisis. Superseded by creation of CINCMEAFSA (Commander-in-Chief U.S. Strike Command).[8] Drug interdiction task force in Caribbean Sea from December 1989. Became Joint Interagency Task Force East on 1 October 1994.[9] Later amalgamated into Joint Interagency Task Force South in 1994. Later became post-conflict reconstruction task force, eventually to become the ill-fated Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance.
Joint Task Force 5 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Drug interdiction task force at Coast Guard Island, Alameda, California, from December 1989. Later became Joint Interagency Task Force West.
Joint Task Force 6 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Drug interdiction task force at El Paso, Texas, from December 1989. Became Joint Task Force North in 2004. Now seemingly Task Force 6, the naval component commander, U.S. Africa Command, an additional duty post for Commander, Sixth Fleet.[10]
Joint Task Force 7 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Operation Sandstone, a series of nuclear weapon tests in 1948; Operation Chromite, Inchon amphibious landing under Vice Admiral Arthur Struble. As Commander, Joint Task Force Seven, and Commander, Seventh Fleet, Struble was in command of the amphibious phase of the operation.[11] Used for Operation Castle atomic tests in the 1940s-1950s.
Combined Joint Task Force 7 Script error: No such module "Sort". US CJTF 7 was the interim military formation that directed the U.S. military effort in Iraq between June 2003 and May 2004.
Joint Task Force 8 Script error: No such module "Sort". US TF 8 was the Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". carrier task force in 1941; during the 1942 Aleutian Islands campaign Rear Admiral Robert A. Theobald commanded Task Force 8 afloat. Theobald as Commander North Pacific Force (ComNorPac) reported to Admiral Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief Pacific Ocean Areas, in Hawaii. Task Force 8 consisted of five cruisers, thirteen destroyers, three tankers, six submarines, as well as naval aviation elements of Fleet Air Wing Four.[12][13] Later JTF 8 was the Operation Dominic nuclear test organization, April–November 1962.[14]
Joint Task Force 11 Script error: No such module "Sort". US During World War II, Task Force 11 was a United States Navy aircraft carrier task force in the Pacific theater.
JTF at Soto Cano Air Base, 1983. By 1984 redesignated Joint Task Force Bravo.
Task Force 12 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Theater Anti-Submarine Warfare Force, Pacific / Patrol and Reconnaissance Force, Pacific (PATRECONFORPAC).[15]
Task Force 13 Script error: No such module "Sort". US In 1945, was Amphibious Training Command, U.S. Pacific Fleet.[16]
Task Force 14 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Force sent to raid Wake Island on 5–6 October 1943. Under Rear Admiral Alfred E. Montgomery, the force included Essex, Lexington, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., USS Cowpens (CVL-25), two other escort carriers, two heavy and four light cruisers, and 24 destroyers.[17]
Task Force 15 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Task Group 15.5 was the Pensacola Convoy, 1941-42.
Task Force 16 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Celebrated carrier task force c. 1941–42; Service Force, Pacific Fleet, by 1943;[16] Maritime Defense Zone, U.S. Pacific Fleet, commanded by a Coast Guard officer (2005).[5]
Task Force 17 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Celebrated carrier task force during World War II; Submarines, Pacific Fleet, 1943;[16] Naval Air Forces, U.S. Pacific Fleet (2005).[5]
Task Force 18 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".'s task force for 1942 Doolittle Raid; Minecraft, Pacific Fleet, under Rear Admiral Alexander Sharp, 1 May 1945 (sometime flagship was Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".);Template:Sfn Sealift forces, U.S. Pacific Fleet (2005).[5]
Task Force 19 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Air Force, Pacific, December 1, 1943, under Vice Admiral John Towers.[16]
Task Force 20 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Task Group 20.5, a carrier battle group built around Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., was part of Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada, 1982.[18] Deputy Commander, Fleet and Joint Operations, U.S. Fleet Forces Command, with responsibility for subordinate seagoing formations, until 1 October 2012.
Task Force 25 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Caribbean Contingency Force, United States Second Fleet
Task Forces 30-39 Script error: No such module "Sort". US All allocated to United States Third Fleet
Task Force 31 Script error: No such module "Sort". US
Task Force 35 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Service forces, South Pacific Force, Rear Admiral Cobb, December 1, 1943.[16]
Task Force 38 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Fast Carrier Task Force, World War II.
Task Force 44 Script error: No such module "Sort". US
Task Forces 50-57 Script error: No such module "Sort". US All allocated to United States Fifth Fleet
Task Force 57 Script error: No such module "Sort". US
Task Force 58 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Recently Maritime Surveillance Force in the North Persian Gulf. Fast Carrier Task Force, World War II.
Task Force 60 Script error: No such module "Sort". US United States Sixth Fleet; Battle Force from c.1950s-c.2010
Task Force 61 Script error: No such module "Sort". US United States Sixth Fleet
Task Force 64 Script error: No such module "Sort". US On 23 September 1942, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., Salt Lake City, Minneapolis, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., and Destroyer Squadron 12 (DesRon 12) became TF 64, a surface screening and attack force under the command of Rear Admiral Norman Scott in San Francisco. The next day, the force headed to the New Hebrides. Now United States Sixth Fleet.
Task Force 67 Script error: No such module "Sort". US
Task Force 73 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Commander, Logistics Group, Western Pacific, Seventh Fleet, Singapore.
Task Force 74 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Submarine Force, U.S. Seventh Fleet. Previously Enterprise task force during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
Task Force 76 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Amphibious Force, United States Seventh Fleet. CJTF 76 was a designation given to a division-sized U.S. Army task force in Afghanistan, seemingly outside the formal USMCEB system.
Task Force 77 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Carrier Striking Force, U.S. Seventh Fleet. since 2016Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". built around Carrier Strike Group Five. Also used by a USSOCOM task force, the former Task Force 145, seemingly not within the USMCEB numbering scheme.
Task Force 80 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Roughly in the 2012-2015 period, TF-80 was the Maritime Headquarters component for the U.S. Fleet Forces Command.
Task Force 84 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Seemingly Anti-Submarine Warfare Force, Atlantic (ASWFORLANT).[19]
Task Force 88 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Used during World War II for Task Force 88 (Operation Dragoon); after World War II for Task Force 88 (Operation Argus). Also used by a USSOCOM task force, seemingly not within the USMCEB numbering scheme.
Task Force 90 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Aircraft, North Pacific Force (Maj Gen Davenport Johnson USA, commanding general, Eleventh Air Force), 1 May 1945.Template:Sfn Amphibious Force, Naval Forces Far East, during the Korean War, and later involved in Operation Passage to Freedom.
Task Force 91 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Allocated to North Pacific Force, 1945 (as was Task Force 92 as well).Template:Sfn In 1944, Rear Admiral Ralph Wood was appointed as Commandant, Seventeenth Naval District, which comprised all of Alaska, together with additional duties (ADDU) as Commander Task Force 91; Fleet Air Wing Four; Deputy Commander, Alaskan Sea Frontier; and Deputy Commander of the North Pacific Force and Area.[20]
Task Force 93 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Strategic Air Forces, Pacific Ocean Areas, 1944–45, under Lt Gen Millard Harmon.[21] Commander Alaskan Sea Frontier, late 1960s. Rear Admiral Donald M. White during SS Robert Louis Stevenson sinking incident, late 1960s.[22]
Task Force 95 Script error: No such module "Sort". US United States Navy, World War II. Established around Okinawa in July 1945 and conducted three operations into the East China Sea before the end of the war in mid-August that year. This iteration of the Task Force was active as late as November 1945. The designation was reactivated for use during the Korean War, when it was used for the United Nations Command Blockading and Escort Force, often helmed by the British Flag Officer Second in Command Far East Fleet. Vice Admiral William Andrewes served as Commander, Task Force 95 (CTF 95), for a period.[23]
Task Force 97 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Hawaiian Sea Frontier - Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley, December 1, 1943.[16]
Task Force 98 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Maj. Gen Richardson, USA, Hawaiian Sector Defence, Hawaiian Department, U.S. Army, local naval defence forces.[16]
Task Force 99 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Task Force 39 was sent to reinforce the Royal Navy's Home Fleet at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands in March 1942. Designation changed to TF 99 about 5 April 1942 (Morison). Consisted of Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., the aircraft carrier Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., the heavy cruisers Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., and eight destroyers. It thereafter assist the Home Fleet in covering Arctic convoys bound for the Soviet Union.[24]
Task Force 100 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Involved in USS Liberty incident, 1967. CINCUSNAVEUR established TF 100 under the command of Rear Admiral Renken, Commander, Service Forces, Atlantic, at 0000Z, 12 June 1967. With forces from Sixth Fleet, Commander Fleet Air Mediterranean, Service Forces, Sixth Fleet, Naval Securities Group Europe, plus the Liberty herself, TF 100 was to '..supervise the drydocking of USS Liberty at Malta on or about 13 June 1967 in order to prevent disclosure of classified information and equipment to unauthorised personnel.'[25] TF 100's functions were expected to be completed in about two days. Previously at times held by Deputy Commander-in-Chief United States Naval Forces Europe (DCINCUSNAVEUR). The task force (or Task Group 100.1) was also involved in a mid-May 1975 visit to Leningrad.[26] Leahy and Tattnall, part of Cruiser-Destroyer Group 12, were commanded by Rear Admiral Justin D. Langille III. On 1 April 2010, it was announced that Rear Adm. (lower half) Charles K. Carodine was to be assigned new duties. Carodine was at the time serving as chief of staff, JTF-100 Maritime Operations Center, United States Fleet Forces Command, Norfolk, Va.[27] Also by 2010 TF 100 had become the Service Cryptographic Component Operations task force of United States Tenth Fleet.[28]
Task Force 101 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Northern European Force after 1946–1956.[29][30] When Admiral Wright became CINCNELM was commanded by Rear Admiral Robert B. Pirie, Chief of Staff to CINCNELM. During the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021), Combined Joint Task Force – 101 was a 101st Airborne Division rotation in Afghanistan.
Task Forces 102-109 Script error: No such module "Sort". US All now seemingly allocated to United States Tenth Fleet.[28]
Task Force 104 Script error: No such module "Sort". US United States Naval Forces Germany, 1944–45, and possibly afterwards
Task Force 111 Script error: No such module "Sort". UK/US Seemingly Admiral Bruce Fraser, Commander-in-Chief, British Pacific Fleet, aboard Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., soon after the end of World War II. A 2019 report by military journalist Wesley Morgan also identified the "CT [counter-terrorism] unit that works for AFRICOM [United States Africa Command] [as] Task Force 111, a JSOC [Joint Special Operations Command] task force that is led by SEAL Team 6."[31] JSOC's Task Force 111 was formerly Task Force 48–4.[32]
Task Forces 111-119 Script error: No such module "Sort". UK/US Allocated to miscellaneous activities on Dec 1, 1943, inc Western, NW Sea Frontier[16] and by September 1945 to British Pacific Fleet.[33]
Task Force 113 Script error: No such module "Sort". UK/US Southeast Pacific Force, Rear Admiral Francis Whiting, December 1, 1943;[16] 110-series designation for British Pacific Fleet Carrier Task Force under Vice Admiral Bernard Rawlings, Vice-Admiral BPF, aboard Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., November 1945.[34]
Task Force 115 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Coastal Surveillance Force, Naval Forces Vietnam[35]
Task Force 116 Script error: No such module "Sort". US River Patrol Force, Naval Forces Vietnam
Task Force 117 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Mobile Riverine Force, Naval Forces Vietnam
Joint Task Force 120 Script error: No such module "Sort". US In times of crisis and during certain exercises, Commander Second Fleet became Commander, JTF 120. This joint task force drew from the Atlantic Fleet, U.S. Army airborne and air assault units, U.S. Air Force aircraft and support personnel, U.S. Marine Corps amphibious forces, and at times, the United States Coast Guard. Ran Operation Urgent Fury, the United States invasion of Grenada in October 1983. Later ran Operation Uphold Democracy regarding Haiti in 1994–95.
Task Force 121 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Possibly part of United States Twelfth Fleet during World War II. Task Force of Army Rangers during Operation Urgent Fury, Grenada, 1982.[18] After 2001, one of the designations for the Joint Special Operations Command high value targets task force. This was made up of soldiers, naval personnel, air force personnel, and civilians from the U.S. Army's Delta Force, 75th Ranger Regiment, and 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment, Naval Special Warfare Development Group, CIA Special Activities Division, USAF Combat Controllers, Pararescuemen, Tactical Air Control Party air force personnel, and Special Operations Weather Technicians, the Aviation Tactics Evaluation Group (AvTEG), and the Joint Communications Unit. Two troops from the U.S. Army 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment provided armor support for the Task Force. On occasions, Canadian, British, Australian and Polish special force personnel assisted and augmented the task force. It served in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Task Force 122 Script error: No such module "Sort". US United States Twelfth Fleet, World War II. Commanded by Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk, who commanded D-Day's Western Naval Task Force (Utah and Omaha Beaches). When the Dominican Civil War of 1965 began, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". sortied from Norfolk on 29 April for Santo Domingo, where she was flagship for Commander Joint Task Force 122. Newport News remained on station off Santo Domingo until 7 May 1965 when JTF 122 was dissolved, and command was shifted to the Army ashore in the Dominican Republic.
Task Force 123 Script error: No such module "Sort". US 82nd Airborne Division, Operation Urgent Fury, Grenada 1982.[18]
Task Force 124 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Omaha Beach landing force, World War II.[36] In Grenada 1982, was the amphibious force, headquartered aboard Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"..[18] Now Strategic Communications Wing One,[37] Tinker AFB, Oklahoma (E-6A Mercury aircraft)
Task Force 125 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Designation for Commander, Western Hemisphere Group, when acting as a naval component commander for U.S. Southern Command, circa 1995–2000.[38]
Task Force 130 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Manned Spacecraft Recovery Force, Pacific, for Project Apollo. Flagship Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"..
Joint Task Force 132 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Operation Ivy nuclear test force.[39]
Task Force 134 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Commander, Task Force 134, COMSUBPAC, is an operational commander responsible to USSTRATCOM for strategic deterrent submarine operations.[40]
Task Force 136 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Under the commander of Commander, Second Fleet, was quarantine force during Cuban Missile Crisis.[41] Led for a time by Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Flotilla 2 aboard USS Canberra.
Task Force 140 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Project Mercury Recovery Force (early 1960s), later Manned Spacecraft Recovery Force, Atlantic (for Apollo 9). In the 1980s, as JTF 140, designation for Second Fleet for Caribbean contingency operations. Ocean Venture '90 was a JCS directed field exercise sponsored by the U.S. Atlantic Command and executed by JTF 140, a standing JTF assigned to LANTCOM which had existed since 1979.[42] Utilised for Haiti operations during 1994.[9]
Task Force 144 Script error: No such module "Sort". US CTF 144, Commander Submarine Forces/COMSUBLANT. Operational commander for Atlantic ballistic missile submarines, responsible to Commander, U.S. Strategic Command
Task Force 151 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Combined Maritime Forces
Task Force 157 Script error: No such module "Sort". US In 1966, the Navy created Task Force 157 as a covert division to control their clandestine human intelligence operations (HUMINT).[43] Disbanded 1977 with some functions transferred to Task Force 168.
Joint Task Force 160 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Task Groups 160.2 and 160.3 were active in the late 1940s, 160.2 in the Mediterranean, and TG 160.3 as a Africa/S America goodwill cruise, including Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".. JTF 160 directed Operation Sea Signal, a humanitarian operation receiving Haitian refugees at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba. It took place from August 1994 to February 1996.[44]
Task Force 160 was a non-USMCEB, U.S. Army allocation.
Combined Joint Task Force-180 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Appears to be the permanently assigned designator for HQ XVIII Airborne Corps when operating as a combined joint task force or joint task force, for example in Afghanistan after 2002.
Task Force 214 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Twentieth Air Force, while acting as the ICBM task force for U.S. Strategic Command
Task Force 294 Script error: No such module "Sort". US U.S. Air Force air refueling forces while acting as a task force for U.S. Strategic Command
Task Force 301 Script error: No such module "Sort". CAN Royal Canadian Navy, Atlantic Coast, 1964[45]
Task Force 311 Script error: No such module "Sort". UK Commander, Task Force 311 (CTF-311), located in Northwood, Middlesex, is the Royal Navy's sole submarine operating authority (SUBOPAUTH). CTF-311 maintains operational control of all Britain's attack submarines, wherever they may be.[46][47]
Task Group 316.1 Script error: No such module "Sort". UK Used for Endeavour 90 deployment, under Capt Franklyn, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". (DTS)[48]
Task Force 317 Script error: No such module "Sort". UK For 1974 group deployment by TG 317.2 see Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".; Falklands Task Force; see British naval forces in the Falklands War
Task Force 318 Script error: No such module "Sort". UK In November 1967, TF 318, under Flag Officer Second in Command Far East Fleet, Rear Admiral Edward Ashmore, managed the British withdrawal from Aden after 128 years of colonial rule.[49] Reestablished with effect from 1 November 1971 to cover withdrawal of British forces from Persian Gulf (Roberts, 95)
Task Force 321 Script error: No such module "Sort". UK Seemingly Royal Navy in the Mediterranean and Middle East. Used Cyprus 1974[50] during Falklands War when RNZN frigates deployed, and after Iraqi invasion of Kuwait (deployed force TG 321.1 in both later cases).[51] In 1990 CINCFLEET acted as CTF 321.
Task Group 323.2 Script error: No such module "Sort". UK RN Mediterranean group during Operation Desert Storm
Task Force 324 Script error: No such module "Sort". UK Royal Navy Red Sea force during Suez Crisis of 1956. Consisted of HMS Newfoundland[52] and others. Newfoundland and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". sank the Egyptian frigate 'Domiat' (ex-Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".) on the first night of the war.[53]
Task Force 326 Script error: No such module "Sort". UK Roberts, 294, says Liverpool and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". were assigned as Atlantic Patrol Task (North) from February 2005, as TG 326.01. Meanwhile, Gloucester was on Atlantic Patrol Task (South) and relieved by Portland in March 2005, as TG 326.02.
Task Force 330 Script error: No such module "Sort". UK UK naval forces during Operation Telic[54]
Task Force 333 Script error: No such module "Sort". UK Involved in Operation Grapple nuclear tests at Christmas Island, August 1958.[55] TG 333.1 seemingly utilised by Captain 11th Frigate Squadron (Captain F11), Royal New Zealand Navy, in November 1972, during LONGEX 71 between Auckland and Wellington.[56] TGs of TF 333 later used in NATO area (Roberts)
Task Force 345 Script error: No such module "Sort". UK UK Mediterranean naval task force during Suez Crisis of 1956.[52] Now is reported as '..CTF 345 is the organisation that provides command and control of the UK deterrent' at Northwood Headquarters. This is the force of Vanguard-class submarines. Rear Admiral Ian Corder commanded the task force as of September 2012.[57][47]
Task Force 373 Script error: No such module "Sort". US JSOC or SOCCENT special operations forces task force in Afghanistan
Task Force 402 Script error: No such module "Sort". US
Joint Task Force 435 Script error: No such module "Sort". US (Combined Joint Interagency Task Force 435) Afghanistan theatre detention operations
Task Force 439 Script error: No such module "Sort". NATO attack submarine force, Mediterranean
Task Force 440 Script error: No such module "Sort". Operation Sharp Guard, 1993–96 (WEU, SNFL, SNFM)
Task Force 442 Script error: No such module "Sort". US From 1967, Commander Submarine Flotilla 8 became COMSUBMED under NAVSOUTH in addition to wartime SSBN responsibilities as CTF 442.[58]
Task Force 465 Script error: No such module "Sort". Allied Deployed task force of Operation Atalanta, EUNAVFOR Somalia, combating Somali piracy
Task Force 472 Script error: No such module "Sort". SEATO (1969) At the time USS Evans and HMAS Melbourne collided on the early morning on 3 June 1969, both were part of Exercise Task Group 472.1. Command of Task Force 472, and TG 472.1, was being exercised by Rear Admiral G.J.B. Crabb, Flag Officer Commanding Australian Fleet. TF 472 included Melbourne, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., Kyes, Larson, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".. TF 472 was taking part in SEATO Exercise Sea Spirit.[59]
Task Force 473 Script error: No such module "Sort". France Seemingly permanently assigned to the carrier battle group ('aeronaval group') build around Charles de Gaulle. Part of Force d'action navale.
Task Force 500 Script error: No such module "Sort". NATO Flag Officer Denmark (FOD), Allied Forces Baltic Approaches (1963).[60]
Task Force 502 Script error: No such module "Sort". NATO Carrier battle force, Naval Striking and Support Forces, Southern Europe, 1970s-1980s. Provided by U.S. Carrier Group or Cruiser-Destroyer Group headquarters.
Task Force 503 Script error: No such module "Sort". NATO Amphibious force, Naval Striking and Support Forces, Southern Europe, 1970s-1980s. Provided by U.S. Amphibious Squadron headquarters.
Task Force 504 Script error: No such module "Sort". NATO Landing force, Naval Striking and Support Forces, Southern Europe, 1970s-1980s.
Task Force 505 Script error: No such module "Sort". NATO Support force, Naval Striking and Support Forces, Southern Europe, 1970s-1980s.
Task Force 506 Script error: No such module "Sort". NATO Special Operations Force, Naval Striking and Support Forces, Southern Europe, 1970s-1980s.
Task Force 508 Script error: No such module "Sort". NATO (or member) As of late 2013, Operation Ocean Shield Somali counter-piracy force. CTF 508 was Rear Admiral Eugenio Diaz del Rio on board flagship Alvaro de Bazan on 14 January 2014.[61]
Joint Task Force 510 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Special Operations Command Pacific standing joint task force for rapid deployment. Involved in Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines, 2002.
Joint Task Force 622 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS Operation VIC FIRE ASSIST[62]
Joint Task Force 627 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS SUBmarine Search And Rescue (SUBSAR)[63] May be designator for Commander Australian Fleet; CTF 627 was allocated to this officer under his previous title of Maritime Commander Australia in 1999–2000.
Joint Task Force 629 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS 2004: Operation Sumatra Assist - ADF response to the earthquake in Sumatra, Indonesia. 2005: Operation Sumatra Assist II - ADF response to further earthquakes in Sumatra.[64] 2009: Operation Padang Assist - the ADF response to earthquakes in Padang, Indonesia.[65] At the same time in 2009 as the Padang earthquake, an earthquake and tsunami hit Samoa and the JTF 629 designation extended to the operation in that region, Operation Samoa Assist.[64] 2017-19: Operation Augury-Philippines - the ADF training mission to the Armed Forces of the Philippines in support of their counter terror operations.[66]
Joint Task Force 630 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS Op Larry Assist after Cyclone Larry, March 2006. Commander was Mick Slater.
Joint Task Force 631 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS Operation Astute – Timor Leste International Stabilisation Force
Joint Task Force 632 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS Operation Pakistan Assist (2005-6) - the ADF response to earthquake disaster relief in Pakistan. The TF632 designation was later used for a Special Operations group in Iraq in 2018.[67]
Joint Task Force 633 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS Operation Okra, HQJTF 633, based in the United Arab Emirates, provides command and control of all ADF elements deployed throughout the Middle East Area of Operations (MEAO) as part of Operation Slipper. JTF 633 is commanded by Major General Craig Orme.[68] Previous commanders have included MAJGEN Stuart Smith. Included Security Detachment Iraq
Joint Task Force 634 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS Supported 2007 Sydney APEC Conference.[69] Commander: Brigadier Andrew Smith, Cdr 7th Brigade.
Combined Task Force 635 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS Operation Anode, the ADF led support mission to RAMSI Between 2003 and 2017. CTF 635 incorporated elements of the NZDF and participating pacific nations as well as the ADF and AFP.[70]
Joint Task Force 636 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS 2010: Operation Pakistan Assist II - ADF disaster relief operation in Pakistan following flooding and landslide events.[71] 2014-15: Operation Highroad - ADF operations in Afghanistan[72] until June 6, 2015, when it transitioned to the downsized Task Group Afghanistan.[73]
Joint Task Force 637 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS 2007: Operation Kiribati Assist; 2011: Operation Queensland Flood Assist; 2019: South West Pacific and Timor Leste defence engagement mission[74]
Joint Task Force 638 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS Operation Landscape - 2013 ADF support to expansion of offshore immigration detention facilities on Manus Island, PNG. Included HMAS Choules, elements of 6 Brigade, 1 AOSS and 381 ECSS.[75]
Joint Task Force 639 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS Operation Resolute - The ongoing ADF support to Maritime Border Command, a joint command of the ADF and Australian Border Force tasked with protecting Australia's maritime borders.[76]
Joint Task Force 641 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS Operation Outreach - ADF support to the 2007 Northern Territory National Emergency Response[77]
Joint Task Force 643 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS During Operation Gold, the ADF support to the 2000 Summer Olympics, the JTF 643 designation was assigned to at least part the counter terror force, consisting of elements of SASR, 5th Aviation Regiment and 4 RAR (Commando). The designation may have continued to be used by one of the Australian ready CT Tactical Assault Groups beyond the scope of the 2000 Olympics.
Joint Task Force 644 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS During Operation Gold, the ADF support to the 2000 Summer Olympics, the JTF 644 designation was assigned to at least part the counter terror force, consisting of elements of SASR, 5th Aviation Regiment and 4 RAR (Commando). The designation has continued to be used by unconfirmed elements of SOCOMD with the Officer Commanding JTF 644 in 2014, identified only as "Major P" receiving the Conspicuous Service Medal in the 2016 Australia Day Honours.
Joint Task Force 645 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS Commander INTERFET, 1999 (TF 645),[78] CHOGM 2001, CHOGM 2002[79]
Task Force 646 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS RAAF Air Command[80] Aerospace Operational Support Group TG 646.7. In 2019 the JTF 646 designation was used for the ADF response to the bushfires in the Australian state of Victoria, which included elements from the PNG Defence Force and the Fijian military.[81]
Joint Task Force 658 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS 2014; designation given to the ADF led task force involved for the search for missing airliner MH370.[82] 2019; used for the task force assigned to Operation North Queensland Flood Assist[83]
Joint Task Force 659 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS ADF support during 2018 in the aftermath of Tropical Cyclone Marcus in the Northern Territory.[84]
Joint Task Force 661 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS ADF support during 2017 for Operation Queensland Assist in the aftermath of Tropical Cyclone Debbie.[85] In 2019 the designation was assigned to Operation Indo-Pacific Endeavour, a military outreach mission with regional neighbours.[86]
Joint Task Force 662 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS ADF support during the 2009 Victorian Black Saturday bushfires.[87]
Joint Task Force 663 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS Operation Render Safe 2011.[88] Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., Template:HMNZS, Template:HMNZS.
Joint Task Force 664 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS Operation Yasi Assist
Joint Task Force 665 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS Operation Testament, ADF commitment to World Youth Day 2008, Commander Brigadier David Saul
Combined Joint Task Force 667 Script error: No such module "Sort". AUS The joint Australian/US force during the 2019 iteration of Exercise Talisman Saber.[89]
Task Force 714 Script error: No such module "Sort". US United States Special Operations Command. Designation for JSOC high-value targets task force in Iraq and Afghanistan during General Stanley McChrystal's time in command.[90]
Joint Task Force 728 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Established in mid-1966 under Lieutenant General Alfred Starbird, Director, Defense Communications Agency, to build the McNamara Line barrier between North and South Vietnam.
Task Force 825 Script error: No such module "Sort". Spain Task Group 825.1 was the Spanish aircraft carrier Principe de Asturias task group in May 2008.[91]
Joint Task Force 950 Script error: No such module "Sort". US Commander, United States Second Fleet whilst in a training role.[92]
Task Force 976 Script error: No such module "Sort". Thailand Thai Humanitarian Assistance Task Force 976 Thai-Iraq, 2003–2004
Task Force 1099 US Alias for Task Force 121.

Named joint task forces

Joint Task Force Shining Hope; Joint Task Force Eagle Vista (1998 Presidential African visit)

Joint task force Abbrev. Who Notes
Joint Task Force-Alaska JTF-AK US
Joint Task Force-Armed Forces Inaugural Committee JTF-AFIC US
Joint Task Force Aztec Silence US
Joint Task Force Bravo JTF-B US Central America operations from Soto Cano Air Base, Honduras
Joint Task Force Caring Response US
Joint Task Force Central CAN
Joint Task Force-Civil Support JTF-CS US
Joint Task Force East US
Joint Task Force for Elimination JTF-E US Joint Task Force for Elimination of WMD (JTF-E)
Joint Task Force Full Accounting US
Joint Task Force Gator US
Joint Task Force-Global Network Operations JTF-GNO US Critical infrastructure protection. (Evolved from JTF-CND, then JTF-CNO)
Joint Task Force Gold JTF Gold AUS 2000 Summer Olympics
Joint Task Force Guantanamo JTF-GTMO US
Joint Task Force Haiti US
Joint Task Force-Homeland Defense JTF-HD US
Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa CJTF-HOA US
Joint Task Force Katrina US
Joint Task Force Lebanon JTF-L US
Joint Task Force Liberia JTF Liberia US
Joint Task Force National Capital Region/Medical JTF CapMed US
Joint Task Force (North) JTF(N) CAN
Joint Task Force North US
Joint Task Force OMEGA JTF OMEGA Colombian Armed Forces JTF in support of US funded Plan Patriota
Joint Task Force Southwest Asia JTF-SWA US The JTF commander also commanded 9th Aerospace Expeditionary Task Force-Southwest Asia, U.S. Central Command, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It carried out Operation Southern Watch to enforce the Iraqi no-fly zones. The 9AETF-SWA was the forward-deployed arm of the Ninth Air Force. Established on August 26, 1992; active until 2003.[93]
Joint Task Force-Space Defense JTF-SD US The JTF-SD was established by USSPACECOM on October 21, 2019.[94]
Joint Task Force Rita US
Joint Task Force Operation United Assistance JTF-OUA US 2014 US military mission to help combat Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia.[95]

United States Army and other non-USMCEB task forces

These included Combined Joint Task Force 76, Combined Joint Task Force 82, and Combined Joint Task Force 180.

Task force Abbrev. Who Notes
Task Force 1-41 Infantry Script error: No such module "Sort". US U.S. Army combined-arms heavy battalion mechanized Task Force consisting primarily of the 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry Regiment, 3rd Battalion, 66th Armor Regiment, and the 4th Battalion, 3rd Field Artillery Regiment all being part of the 2nd Armored Division (Forward). It served at the Battle of 73 Easting and the Battle of Norfolk. Formed in various other incarnations during other conflicts.
Task Force 77 US See Joint Special Operations Command Task Force in the Iraq War
Combined Joint Task Force 82 Script error: No such module "Sort". US
Special Operations Task Force 103 Script error: No such module "Sort". US On 11 May 2010, Malian and Senegalese soldiers worked on small unit tactics, movements, and convoy vehicle recover drills with special operations forces personnel from Special Operations Task Force 103 in Bamako, Mali. The classes were part of Exercise Flintlock 10, an exercise focused on military interoperability and capacity-building, which was part of an AFRICOM-sponsored annual exercise program with partner nations in northern and western Africa. Flintlock 10, which includes participation of key European U.S. allies, was conducted by SOCAFRICA and was designed to build relationships and develop capacity among security forces throughout the Trans-Saharan region of Africa.
Task Force 118 Script error: No such module "Sort". US a regular army aviation unit flying AH-58D Warrior helicopters whose mast-mounted IR sights helped spot small boats during Operation Prime Chance
Task Force 121 US See Joint Special Operations Command Task Force in the Iraq War
Task Force 145 US See Joint Special Operations Command Task Force in the Iraq War
Task Force ALBA Swiss Humanitarian operation in Albania during 1999.
Task Force Aegis US Redirects to Combined Joint Task Force 76
Task Force Alpha UK Redirects to 7th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)
Task Force Baum US Concentration camp rescue force "set up by U.S. Army general George S. Patton"
Task Force Bayonet US Task Force Bayonet (disambiguation)
Task Force Black US Redirects to Task Force 88 (anti-terrorist unit)
Task Force Blue US United States Navy SEALs
Task Force Danbi South Korea Haiti earthquake relief 2010
Task Force Eagle NATO IFOR
Task Force East US US European Command initiative to strengthen relationships with Eastern European allies
Task Force Faith US US Army unit during the Korean War
Task Force Falcon (US) US US Army Task Force serving as part of KFOR in Kosovo
Task Force Frigid US After World War II, the War Department decided that U.S. Army personnel must be able to live and operate in any degree of cold.[96] A group of task forces was therefore organized to test U.S. Army equipment in the cold. Task Force Frigid and Task Force Williwaw were dispatched to what is now Fort Greely, Alaska during the winters of 1946 and 1947.
Task Force Harvest NATO Operation Essential Harvest
Task Force Hawk US Kosovo
Task Force Helmand NATO Part of ISAF in Helmand Province, Afghanistan
Task Force K-Bar US "The first major ground deployment in the US-led invasion of Afghanistan"
Task Force Kandahar NATO ISAF in Kandahar, Afghanistan
Task Force Kean UN North Korea
Task Force Leatherneck US Located at Camp Leatherneck, Helmand Province, Afghanistan. Marine Air-Ground Task Force currently operating in Helmand Province. 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade during 2009–10 for Operation Enduring Freedom. Also used by the 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions during their deployments to Afghanistan
Task Force Libeccio CAN Operation Mobile#Royal Canadian Air Force – 2011 military intervention in Libya.
Task Force Lightning US 25th Infantry Division (United States)
Task Force Manchu US Second Battle of Naktong Bulge#The end of Task Force Manchu
Task Force Mustang US Combat Aviation Brigade, 36th Infantry Division, Texas Army National Guard
Task Force ODIN US US Army aviation battalion created to combat improvised explosive devices in Iraq
Task Force Phoenix CJTF Phoenix US Initially organized by CENTCOM to train and mentor the newly created Afghan National Security Forces
Task Force Ranger US Battle of Mogadishu (1993)#The August killings and the deployment of Task Force Ranger
Task Force Scorpio Swiss Biological and chemical response team activated during the first Gulf War - not deployed
Task Force Shield US/UK/Iraq Set up in 2003 to provide security for Iraq's critical oil infrastructure
Task Force Sinai US U.S. element of Multinational Force and Observers (MFO)
Task Force Smith US Battle of Osan#Task Force Smith
Task Force Tarawa US The 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade during the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Task Force Taro US 3rd Marine Regiment (United States)
Task Force Trinity US 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines
Task Force Tripoli US USMC air ground task force formed after the fall of Baghdad during the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Task Force Uruzgan Netherlands Part of NATO's Regional Command South, ISAF, Afghanistan. Significant Australian Army linkages.
Task Force Viking US Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force – North (CJSOTF–N), also known as Task Force Viking, was the U.S. joint task force responsible for the northern front during the initial period of the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Task Force White Eagle Poland A brigade sized detachment of Polish Land Forces in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan. The brigade was under the command of the US 1st Cavalry Division.

Others

See also

References

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  1. ↑ See Larry Bond, 'Cauldron' (fiction) or Hackworth, 'About Face'.
  2. ↑ Lieutenant General David W. Barno, interview by Center for Military History, 21 November 2006, 31–32, in A Different Kind of War.
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c d Norman Polmar, Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, Naval Institute Press, 2005, p.37
  6. ↑ National Archives and Records Administration, Federal Record Group 374.5.2, accessed June 2013.
  7. ↑ Barton C. Hacker, 'Elements of Controversy'.
  8. ↑ History of the Unified Command Plan 1946-2012, pp. 22-24.
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Science Advisor, NAVEUR/NAVAF/Sixth Fleet, Science and Technology Shortfalls Template:Webarchive, 26 June 2012, accessed January 2014.
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ See Operation Dominic Technical Report, 1 February 1983; full report accessible via https://www.osti.gov/opennet/servlets/purl/16389215.pdf; Insignia visible at Joint Task Force 8 insignia.
  15. ↑ Globalsecurity.org, Patrol and Reconnaissance Force, Pacific
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ CTF 84 Reserve Unit Established, October 5, 2005
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ See Craven and Cate, Volume V, page 527.
  22. ↑ Mud, Muscle and Miracles, 384.
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Musicant, pp. 30–31, 34; S.E. Morison, The United States Navy in World War II.
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ 1975LENINGRAD00693_b
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Warrior among Diplomats, p. 278 - 279
  30. ↑ "The Development of Unified Command Structure for the U. S. Armed Forces, 1945-1950," p. 11-21 Template:Webarchive in Ronald H. Cole, et al., The History of Unified Command 1946–1993 (Washington, DC: Joint History Office of the Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1995)
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ CINCPAC War Diary, 11/1-30/45, accessed April 2020.
  35. ↑ Larry Berman, Zumwalt: The Life and Times of Admiral Elmo Russell "Bud" Zumwalt, Jr., Harper, 2012, 171.
  36. ↑ Samuel E. Morrison, The Invasion of France and Germany,, p.335-6.
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Karen Smith et al., 'Is NAVSO Organized and Staffed to do its job?' Center for Naval Analysis, CRM D0005057.A1, January 2002.
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ U.S. Navy online documentation
  42. ↑ WA Saunders, Joint Pub 5-00.2 Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures: A Critical Review, 1992
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Roberts, 344.
  49. ↑ Independent, Obituary: Admiral Sir Richard Fitch, 22 February 1994. Note that the Independent incorrectly lists Ashmore's appointment at the time.
  50. ↑ Henn, Francis. A Business of Some Heat: The United Nations Force in Cyprus Before and During the 1974 Turkish Invasion. Casemate Publishers, 2004, 295
  51. ↑ The Gulf Revisited - Why? Template:Webarchive, The Naval Review, 1990, and Cdre Chris Craig account
  52. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Pimlott – editor British Military Operations, 1945–1984 London: Guild Publishing 1984 p. 78; http://damned.mirror.co.uk/img/docs/diana-captain-log.pdf
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Royal Navy Document Royal Navy Health Department 28 August 1958.
  56. ↑ Decklogs November 1972 Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  57. ↑ http://britishmaritimepowerblog.blogspot.com/2012/09/combined-task-force-345-nuclear-attack.html; mirrored from original newspaper article of September 15, 2012; also BBC "In Pictures: Chain of Command"; https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/7300/letters-of-last-resort-are-post-apocalyptic-orders-for-uk-vanguard-sub-crews
  58. ↑ Joint Force Command Naples, The First Reorganisation, accessed 2016.
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Operation VIC FIRE ASSIST Template:Webarchive, army.gov.au
  63. ↑ AFTP 9(H)Script error: No such module "Unsubst"., navy.gov.au
  64. ↑ a b Combined and joint operations from the Sea Sea Power Centre. Australia
  65. ↑ The ADF in IndonesiaTemplate:Category handler[<span title="Script error: No such module "string".">usurped]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Future Directions
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Australian Operations in Afghanistan Template:Webarchive, accessed April 2014.
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Operation Pakistan AssistTemplate:Category handler[<span title="Script error: No such module "string".">usurped]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Future Directions
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Australian Forces Army Update. 9 July 2019. Template:Webarchive
  90. ↑ Stanley McChrystal, My Share of the Task.
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Navy Wire, 1999.
  93. ↑ See Spirtas et al., 'What it takes,' 59-63.
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Operation United Assistance
  96. ↑ U.S. Army Cold Regions Test Center - History Template:Webarchive, accessed June 2013.

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Sources

Further reading

  • Timothy M. Bonds, Myron Hura, Thomas-Durrell Young, 'Enhancing Army Joint Force Headquarters Capabilities,' Santa Monica, CA; RAND Corporation, 2010 – includes list of joint task forces
  • Geoffrey Carter, Crises Do Happen – The Royal Navy and Operation Musketeer, Suez 1956, Liskeard, Maritime Books, 2006.
  • Center for Naval Analysis, Joint Task Force Operations since 1983 Template:Webarchive, CRM94-42, July 1994
  • *The Silent Deep: The Royal Navy Submarine Service Since 1945 (2015) with James Jinks Template:ISBN Penguin - authoritative origin description on CTF 311 pp. 345–6; CTF 345 pp. 254–7, 259.
  • Edgar F. Raines, "The Rucksack War: U.S. Army Operational Logistics in Grenada, 1983," Center for Military History, 2010. 120-series task forces active during "Operation Urgent Fury" in Grenada in 1983.
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Includes mention of a number of RN task groups.
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