John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell;[1] 12 November 1842 – 30 June 1919), was an English physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1904 "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies". He served as President of the Royal Society from 1905 to 1908 and as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge from 1908 to 1919.

Rayleigh provided the first theoretical treatment of the elastic scattering of light by particles much smaller than the light's wavelength, a phenomenon now known as "Rayleigh scattering", which notably explains why the sky is blue. He studied and described transverse surface waves in solids, now known as "Rayleigh waves". He contributed extensively to fluid dynamics, with concepts such as the Rayleigh number (a dimensionless number associated with natural convection), Rayleigh flow, the Rayleigh–Taylor instability, and Rayleigh's criterion for the stability of Taylor–Couette flow. He also formulated the circulation theory of aerodynamic lift. In optics, Rayleigh proposed a well-known criterion for angular resolution. His derivation of the Rayleigh–Jeans law for classical black-body radiation later played an important role in the birth of quantum mechanics (see ultraviolet catastrophe). Rayleigh's textbook The Theory of Sound (1877) is still used today by acousticians and engineers. He introduced the Rayleigh test for circular non-uniformity, which the Rayleigh plot visualises.

Early life and education

Strutt was born on 12 November 1842 at Langford Grove, Maypole Road in Maldon, Essex.[2] In his early years he suffered from frailty and poor health.[3] He attended Eton College and Harrow School (each for only a short period),[4] before going on to the University of Cambridge in 1861 where he studied mathematics at Trinity College. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree (Senior Wrangler and 1st Smith's Prize) in 1865, and a Master of Arts in 1868.[5] He was subsequently elected to a fellowship of Trinity. He held the post until his marriage to Evelyn Balfour, daughter of James Maitland Balfour, in 1871. He had three sons with her.[4] In 1873, on the death of his father, John Strutt, 2nd Baron Rayleigh, he inherited the Barony of Rayleigh. Rayleigh was elected fellow of the Royal Society on 12 June 1873.

Career

Rayleigh was the second Cavendish Professor of Physics at the University of Cambridge (following the death of James Clerk Maxwell) from 1879 to 1884. He first described dynamic soaring by seabirds in 1883, in the British journal Nature.[6] From 1887 to 1905, he was Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution.

On this post he carefully and precisely measured atomic mass of oxygen and hydrogen, and by 1892 he moved on to nitrogen. By isolating nitrogen in different ways he discovered a small but significant difference, which indicated a heavier inert gas present in the air besides nitrogen. William Ramsay joined this research topic, and in August they discovered argon.[7][8]

Around 1900 Rayleigh developed the duplex (combination of two) theory of human sound localisation using two binaural cues, interaural phase difference (IPD) and interaural level difference (ILD) (based on analysis of a spherical head with no external pinnae). The theory posits that we use two primary cues for sound lateralisation, using the difference in the phases of sinusoidal components of the sound and the difference in amplitude (level) between the two ears.

File:Lord Rayleigh Vanity Fair 21 December 1899.jpg
Caricature of Lord Rayleigh in the London magazine Vanity Fair, 1899

He received the degree of Doctor mathematicae (honoris causa) from the Royal Frederick University on 6 September 1902, when they celebrated the centennial of the birth of mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.[9][10]

In 1904 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies".

During the First World War, he was president of the government's Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, which was located at the National Physical Laboratory, and chaired by Richard Glazebrook.[11]

In 1919, Rayleigh served as president of the Society for Psychical Research.[12] As an advocate that simplicity and theory be part of the scientific method, Rayleigh argued for the principle of similitude.

Rayleigh served as president of the Royal Society from 1905 to 1908. From time to time he participated in the House of Lords; however, he spoke up only if politics attempted to become involved in science.

Personal life and death

Rayleigh married Evelyn Georgiana Mary (née Balfour). He died on 30 June 1919, at his home in Witham, Essex.[4][13] He was succeeded, as the 4th Lord Rayleigh, by his son Robert John Strutt, another well-known physicist. Lord Rayleigh was buried in the graveyard of All Saints' Church in Terling in Essex.

Religious views

Rayleigh was an Anglican. Though he did not write about the relationship of science and religion, he retained a personal interest in spiritual matters.[14] When his scientific papers were to be published in a collection by the Cambridge University Press, Strutt wanted to include a quotation from the Bible, but he was discouraged from doing so, as he later reported:

<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

When I was bringing out my Scientific Papers I proposed a motto from the Psalms, "The Works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein." The Secretary to the Press suggested with many apologies that the reader might suppose that I was the Lord.[15][16]

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Still, he had his wish and the quotation was printed in the five-volume collection of scientific papers. In a letter to a family member, he wrote about his rejection of materialism and spoke of Jesus Christ as a moral teacher:

<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

I have never thought the materialist view possible, and I look to a power beyond what we see, and to a life in which we may at least hope to take part. What is more, I think that Christ and indeed other spiritually gifted men see further and truer than I do, and I wish to follow them as far as I can.

— Template:Comma separated entries

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

He held an interest in parapsychology and was an early member of the Society for Psychical Research (SPR). He was not convinced of spiritualism but remained open to the possibility of supernatural phenomena.[20] Rayleigh was the president of the SPR in 1919. He gave a presidential address in the year of his death but did not come to any definite conclusions.[21][22]

Honours and awards

The lunar crater Rayleigh as well as the Martian crater Rayleigh were named in his honour.[23][24] The asteroid 22740 Rayleigh was named after him on 1 June 2007.[25] A type of surface waves are known as Rayleigh waves, and the elastic scattering of electromagnetic waves is called Rayleigh scattering. The rayl, a unit of specific acoustic impedance, is also named for him. Rayleigh was also awarded with (in chronological order):

Lord Rayleigh was among the original recipients of the Order of Merit (OM) in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902,[26] and received the order from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 8 August 1902.[27][28]

Sir William Ramsay, his co-worker in the investigation to discover argon described Rayleigh as "the greatest man alive" while speaking to Lady Ramsay during his last illness.[29]

H. M. Hyndman said of Rayleigh that "no man ever showed less consciousness of great genius".[29]

In honour of Lord Rayleigh, the Institute of Acoustics sponsors the Rayleigh Medal (established in 1970) and the Institute of Physics sponsors the John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Medal and Prize (established in 2008).

Many of the papers that he wrote on lubrication[30] are now recognized as early classical contributions to the field of tribology. For these contributions, he was named as one of the 23 "Men of Tribology" by Duncan Dowson.[31]

There is a memorial to him by Derwent Wood in St Andrew's Chapel at Westminster Abbey.[32]

Bibliography

File:Rayleigh, John William Strutt – Theory of sound, 1894 – BEIC 6738003.jpg
Theory of sound, 1894

See also

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Template:Div col

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

  • Life of John William Strutt: Third Baron Rayleigh, O.M., F.R.S., (1924) Longmans, Green & Co.
A biography written by his son, Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh

External links

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project Template:Wikisource/outer coreScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Template:S-npoTemplate:S-acaTemplate:S-endTemplate:Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1901–1925Template:1904 Nobel Prize winnersTemplate:Copley Medallists 1851–1900Template:De Morgan MedallistsTemplate:Royal Society presidents 1900sTemplate:AcousticsTemplate:Scientists whose names are used as non SI unitsTemplate:Chancellors of the University of CambridgeTemplate:Authority control
Honorary titles
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/check Lord Lieutenant of Essex
1892–1901 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/check 39th President of the Royal Society
1905–1908 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/check Chancellor of the University of Cambridge
1908–1919 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/check Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics, University of Cambridge
1879–1884 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/check Baron Rayleigh
1873–1919 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c One son, Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh, was also an eminent physicist and fellow of the Royal Society. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Template:Acad
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Template:Cite newspaper The Times
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (in Norwegian)
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Peter J. Bowler (2014). Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain, University of Chicago Press. p. 35
  15. ↑ Robert John Strutt Baron Rayleigh (1924). John William Strutt: Third Baron Rayleigh, O.M., F.R.S., Sometime President of the Royal Society and Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, E. Arnold & Company, p. 307
  16. ↑ Lord Rayleigh (Robert John Strutt), John William Strutt Baron Rayleigh (1964). "An Appraisal of Rayleigh", Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Office of Aerospace Research, U.S. Air Force. p. 1150.
  17. ↑ Melba Phillips (1992), The Life and Times of Modern Physics: History of Physics II. American Institute of Physics. p. 50
  18. ↑ As quoted in R. J. Strutt. John William Strutt. p. 361. in Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain, by Peter J. Bowler (2014). p. 35
  19. ↑ Sir William Gavin (1967). Ninety Years of Family Farming: The Story of Lord Rayleigh's and Strutt & Parker Farms. Hutchinson, p. 37
  20. ↑ DeYoung, Ursula. (2011). A Vision of Modern Science: John Tyndall and the Role of the Scientist in Victorian Culture. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 178. Template:ISBN
  21. ↑ Haynes, Renee. (1982). The Society for Psychical Research 1882–1982: A History. London: MacDonald & Co. p. 198. Template:ISBN
  22. ↑ Lindsay, Robert Bruce. (1970). Men of Physics Lord Rayleigh–The Man and His Work. Pergamon Press. pp. 227–242. Template:ISBN
  23. ↑ Template:GPN
  24. ↑ Template:GPN
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Template:Cite newspaper The Times
  27. ↑ Template:Cite newspaper The Times
  28. ↑ Template:London Gazette
  29. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ The Abbey Scientists, Hall, A. R. p. 59: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966
  33. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh&oldid=724968"