John Birch (Roundhead)

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Colonel John Birch (7 September 1615Template:Snd10 May 1691) was a soldier and politician from Manchester in England. He fought for the Parliamentarians in the First English Civil War, and was a Member of Parliament at various times between 1646 and 1691.

Considered a moderate, he was excluded from Parliament in Pride's Purge of December 1648, and prevented from taking his seat for Leominster under the Protectorate. After the 1660 Stuart Restoration, he was restored to favour and sat on over 122 Parliamentary Committees. During the 1679 Exclusion Crisis, he supported barring the Catholic James II from the throne, and subsequently backed the 1689 Glorious Revolution.

A contemporary Gilbert Burnet later described him as "...the roughest and boldest speaker in the House, [with]] the language and phrases of a carrier...he spoke always with much life and heat, but judgment was not his talent."Template:Sfn

Personal details

John Birch was born 7 September 1615, eldest surviving son of Samuel and Mary Birch. A wealthy Presbyterian merchant, his father owned Ardwick Manor, outside Manchester. He had two brothers, Samuel (1621-1683), and Thomas (1633-1700).Template:Sfn He moved to Bristol in 1633, where he set up as a wine merchant.Template:Sfn

Birch married Alice Deane (died 1671), daughter of a Bristol merchant. They had five children who lived to adulthood; John (c. Template:Trim – after 1683), Samuel (died 1704), Mary (ca. 1645–1728), Elizabeth and Sarah (died 1702). There were no children from his second marriage to Winifred Norris, who died in 1717.Template:Sfn

Wars of the Three Kingdoms

At the start of the First English Civil War in August 1642, Birch was a captain in the Bristol militia and served with the Parliamentarian garrison. He later recorded that some of his men viewed the war as a break from routine, with better pay and rations than in civilian life and were concerned it might end too soon.Template:Sfn

After the Royalists captured the town in June 1643, the garrison was given a pass to London. With the help of Sir Arthur Haselrig, Birch was commissioned in the army commanded by William Waller, and quickly proved an energetic and courageous officer. In November 1643, he served in the first Siege of Basing House, and was slightly wounded in the Battle of Alton on 13 December. Less than a week later, he was shot in the stomach in an assault on Arundel Castle, allegedly surviving only because the cold weather stemmed the flow of blood.Template:Sfn

Birch recovered in time to fight at Cheriton in March 1644, a Parliamentarian success that forced Charles I onto the defensive in South East England.Template:Sfn At Cropredy Bridge in June, he commanded the rearguard that held the bridge long enough to allow Waller's main force to retreat. Shortly after this, Birch raised a regiment of infantry which was shipped to Plymouth to reinforce the garrison. He spent the rest of the war in South West England and the Welsh Marches.Template:Sfn

Although not part of the New Model Army, his unit took part in its 1645 Western Campaign including the capture of Bridgwater and Bristol. On 17 December 1645, Birch led a surprise night-time attack on the Royalist garrison of Hereford, which had recently repulsed a month-long siege by Scots Covenanters,Template:Sfn and the Royalist commander Barnabas Scudamore was later accused of betrayal.Template:Sfn Appointed Governor of Hereford, Birch also fought at Stow-on-the-Wold in March 1646, the last major battle of the war, and captured Goodrich Castle in June, just before the war ended.Template:Sfn

However, victory resulted in increasingly bitter disputes over the post-war political settlement between radicals within the New Model like Oliver Cromwell, and the moderate party in Parliament, which included his former commander William Waller, and Denzil Holles.Template:Sfn At the same time, Parliament's desperate economic position made reductions in the military a matter of urgency. Birch became involved in a struggle with the other regional Parliamentarian commander, Edward Harley, as both men sought to ensure their troops were the ones retained.Template:Sfn

One of the few members of the local landed gentry to support Parliament in 1642, Harley defeated Birch in 1646 as MP for Herefordshire. Despite this setback, in September Birch was elected for Leominster, but under the Self-denying Ordinance was required to give up his military commission.Template:Sfn Appointed High steward of Leominster in 1648, he also invested heavily in purchasing church lands, which made him extremely wealthy.Template:Sfn Disputes over a peace settlement with Charles I and religious policy split Parliament between moderates like Birch, and more radical religious Independents such as Oliver Cromwell, including his cousin Thomas Birch. After the Second English Civil War he was excluded from Parliament in Pride's Purge of 6 December 1648.Template:Sfn

1660 Restoration and after

Birch met with Charles II prior to the Battle of Worcester in September 1651 but avoided direct participation, possibly due to the influence of his cousin Thomas, who remained loyal to the Protectorate. He retained his Leominster seat throughout the Commonwealth, although he was not allowed to take his seat, and later claimed to have been arrested 21 times. After the Stuart Restoration in 1660, he was removed as High Steward of Leominster, and forced to sell his lands back to the church, ending his influence in the area. However, in 1661 he was returned as MP for Penryn, in the Cavalier Parliament.Template:Sfn

File:Samuel Pepys.jpg

Samuel Pepys, who worked closely with Birch on funding the Royal Navy

Although he never held high political office, Birch sat on numerous committees, especially those connected to public spending and taxes, where he proved a relentless and astute auditor. His presence on the committee to review naval expenditure after the Second Anglo-Dutch War brought him into contact with Pepys, who noted he "do take it upon him to defend us, and do mightily do me right in all his discourse".Template:Sfn According to one commentator, he was "the roughest and boldest speaker in the House, who talked in the language and phrases of a carrier, but with a beauty and eloquence that was always acceptable".Template:Sfn

The Act of Uniformity 1662 expelled Presbyterians from the Church of England, among them being John, and his brother Samuel, who was evicted from his parish of Bampton, Oxfordshire as a result.Template:Sfn However, Birch voted for the 1673 Test Act, which required holders of public office holders to be Anglicans, and became a member of the church. This was largely due to his opposition to Catholicism, and in the Exclusion Crisis, he supported barring Charles' Catholic brother James from the throne.Template:Sfn

Birch purchased Garnstone Manor, Weobly, in 1661, giving him control of its Parliamentary seat. First elected in 1679, he held it until his death in 1691, with the exception of 1685, when he stood down following the accession of James II. He regained it after the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, and was prominent in debates over the Bill of Rights and the Revolutionary settlement.Template:Sfn

His last recorded Parliamentary appearance was in April 1690; he died at home on 10 May 1691, and was buried at St Peter and St Paul's, Weobley. The railings around his monument extended into the altar space, and were removed in 1694 by Gilbert Ironside, Bishop of Hereford; the holes are still visible.Template:Sfn His youngest daughter, Sarah, inherited Garnstone, on condition she marry her cousin, another John Birch; he held the Weobley seat almost continuously from 1701, until his death in 1735.Template:Sfn

Sources

• Template:Cite odnb
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External links

• John Webb. Military memoir of John Birch
• Brief history of the Life of John Birch (up to the start of his political career)
• Biography on British Civil Wars site
• Battle of Cropredy Bridge Template:Webarchive
• House of Commons Journal for 22 December 1645 recording the arrival of news of the capture of Hereford
• References to Col Birch in The Diary of Samuel Pepys