Jewish Babylonian Aramaic

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Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (Aramaic: Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".) was the form of Middle Aramaic employed by writers in Lower Mesopotamia between the fourth and eleventh centuries. It is most commonly identified with the language of the Babylonian Talmud (which was completed in the seventh century), the Targum Onqelos, and of post-Talmudic (Gaonic) literature, which are the most important cultural products of Babylonian Jews. The most important epigraphic sources for the dialect are the hundreds of inscriptions on incantation bowls.Template:Sfn

Classification and type

File:Zauberschale aus Mesopotamien.jpg
Incantation bowl inscribed in Babylonian Aramaic, using Hebrew square-script, dated between 400 and 800, in the collection of the Jewish Museum of Switzerland.

The language was closely related to Eastern Aramaic varieties such as Mandaic. Its original pronunciation is uncertain and has to be reconstructed with the help of these kindred dialects and the reading tradition of the Yemenite Jews,Template:Sfn and where available those of the Iraqi, Syrian and Egyptian Jews.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The value of the Yemenite reading tradition has been challenged by Matthew Morgenstern.Template:Sfn Vocalized Aramaic texts with which Jews are familiar, from the Tanakh and the siddurim, are of limited usefulness for this purpose, as they are in different dialects.Template:Sfn

Talmudic Aramaic bears all the marks of being a specialist language of study and legal argumentation like Law FrenchScript error: No such module "Unsubst". rather than a vernacular mother tongue,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". and continued in use for these purposes long after Judeo-Arabic languages had become used in daily life. It has developed a battery of technical logic terms such as Script error: No such module "lang". "conclusive refutation" and Script error: No such module "lang". "undecidable moot point", which are still used in Jewish legal writings, including those in other languages, and have influenced modern Hebrew.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Like the other Judeo-Aramaic languages, it was written in the Hebrew alphabet.

Grammar

Pronouns

Independent nominative pronouns

Independent personal pronounsTemplate:Sfn Meaning Examples
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אנא‎ First person, singular, common
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />את‎ Second person, singular, common
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הוא / איהו‎ Third person, singular, masculine
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />היא / איהי‎ Third person, singular, feminine
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אנן‎ First person, plural, common <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אנן קשישי ואינו דרדקי‎
We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אתון‎ Second person, plural, masculine <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אתון דשאליתו לי דיאילו‎
It is you that I borrowed (Baba Mesia 97a)
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אתון דמיקרביתו לרב‎
You, who are attached to Rav (Shabbat 37b)
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אינהו‎ Third person, plural, masculine <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אנן קשישי ואינו דרדקי‎
We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אינהי‎ Third person, plural, feminine

Copulative pronouns

Copulative pronounsTemplate:Sfn Meaning Examples
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />נא‎ First person, singular, common <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />עדיפנא‎
I am more worthy (Kiddushin 29b)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ת‎ Second person, singular, common <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />עציבת‎
You (common singular) are sad (Pesahim 3b)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ניהו‎ Third person, singular, masculine <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />מי ידענא היכא ניהו‎
Do I know where he is (Sanhedrin 39a)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הי ניהו‎
which is it (Nid. 41b)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ניהי‎ Third person, singular, feminine
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />נן‎ First person, plural, common <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />זוטרינן‎
we are young (Baba Qama 92b)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />תו(ן)‎ Second person, plural, masculine <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חכימתו‎
You (masculine plural) are wise (Gitin 56b)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />נינהו‎ Third person, plural, masculine <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הני הילכתה נינהו‎
These are laws from tradition (they) Mo'ed Qatan 3bTemplate:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />גזלני נינהו‎
Robbers, they (Baba Batra 100a)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />סהדי שקרי נינהו‎
Lying witnesses, they (Baba Batra 92b)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />נינהי‎ Third person, plural, feminine <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />קדושה והבדלה חדה מילתא נינהי‎
Qedusha and Havdalah are one thing, they are (Pesah 102b)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />כולהי חדא ברכתא נינהי‎
all one long blessing, they are (Pesah 103b)Template:Sfn

Genitive pronominal suffixes

Genitive pronominal suffixTemplate:Sfn Genitive pronominal suffix (Hebrew) Meaning Examples
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ַ אי‎Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ִ י‎ First person, singular possessive. My <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />נַפְשַאי‎
my person
(jevamot 64b)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />דוּכְתַּאי‎
my position
(ketuvot 77b)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ִי ךְ‎Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ְ ךָ‎ Second person, singular, possessive. Your <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />פְּסוּקִיךְ‎
your verse
(chagiga 15)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ָ ךְ‎Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ֵ ךְ‎ Second person, singular, possessive. Your <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />רַבָּךְ‎
your teacher
(pesachim 24)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />שוּפְרָךְ‎
your beauty
(Bava Metzia 84a)
אמר ליה {רבי יוחנן} חילך לאורייתא {כמה יפה כוחך לסבול עול תורה} אמר ליה{ריש לקיש} שופרך לנשי {יופיך ראוי לנשים}
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ֵי הּ‎ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />וֹ‎ Third person, singular, masculine possessive. His <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />יְהֵא שְׁמֵיהּ רַבָּא מְבָרַךְ‎

May his great name shall be blessed (Kaddish Shalem, 8th century)

<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ָ הּ‎ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ָ הּ‎ Third person, singular, feminine possessive. Her <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אסירא לייחודי בגברא דלא דידָהּ‎
She is forbidden to be together in the room alone with a man who is not her husband (Erubin 100b)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ִי ן‎Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ֵ נוּ‎ First person, plural possessive. Our <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אַרְעִין‎
our land (shanhedrin 94)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ַ יְכוּ‎Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ְ כֶם‎ Second person, plural, masculine possessive. Your <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />גַבְרַיְיכוּ‎
Your men (Shabbat 140b)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ַ יְיכִי‎Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn


<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ְ כֶן‎ Second person, plural, feminine possessive. Your <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />קַרְחַיְיכִי‎
your baldness
(pesachim 110)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />פַּרְחַיְיכִי‎
your crumbs
(pesachim 110)Template:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ַ יְהוּ‎Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ָ ם‎ Third person, plural, masculine possessive. Their <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />מָנַיְיהוּ‎
their clothes (Shabbat 133b)
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />מִינַיְיהוּ(ן)‎Template:Sfn
from the men
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ַ יְהִי‎Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ָ ן‎ Third person, plural, feminine possessive. Their <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />עָלַיְיהִי(ן)‎Template:Sfn
about the women
Suffix + אִית Meaning Examples
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אִיתֵיהּ‎ He is/existsTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אִיתָהּ‎ She is/existsTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אִיתְנָן‎ We are/existTemplate:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אִיתַנְכוּ‎ You (pl. m.) are/existTemplate:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אִיתַנְכִי‎ You (pl. f.) are/existTemplate:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אִיתַנְהוּ‎ They (m.) are/existTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אִיתַנְהִי‎ They (f.) are/existTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Demonstrative pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun (near/proximal) Meaning Examples
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הַאי(י)‎ Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. This (Hebrew:זֶה)Template:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />מהַאי גִּיסָא ומהַאי גִּיסָא אַדַּעְתָּא דְדיקלא‎
on the one side ... , on the other side with precise intention for
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />האיי דיאנא‎
this judge
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />האיי קלא‎
this voice
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָא‎ Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. This (Hebrew:זֹאת)Template:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הא מילתא‎ this word/thing
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָ(א)נֵי‎ Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)Template:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָנֵי מילי‎ these words/things
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָנֵי ‎ Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)Template:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָנֵי אִין הָנַך לאָ‎
(Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not )
Demonstrative pronoun (medial) Meaning Examples
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הַאי(י)+ךְ←הַאִיךְ‎ Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. That Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />איתתיה דהאייך‎
His wife of that (man)
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָא+ךְ←הָךְ‎ Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. That Template:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הך ארעא‎
that land
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הך לשנא‎
that language
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָ(א)נֵי+ךְ←הָנַךְ‎ Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. Those Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />מן הָנַךְ טעמי‎
Because of those reasons
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָנַךְ אֲזַלוּ לְעָלְמָא והָנֵי אַחֲרִינֵי נינהו‎
Those others have gone away, and these are others here
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָנֵי+ךְ←הָנַךְ‎ Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. Those Template:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָנֵי אִין הָנַך לאָ‎
(Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not )
Demonstrative pronoun (remote/distal) Meaning Examples
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָהוּ(א)‎ Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. That (Hebrew:הוּא)Template:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָהוּא גַבְרָא‎
(Berachot 6b)
(any man, anybody, that man )
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָהִי(א)‎ Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. That (Hebrew:הִיא)Template:Sfn <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָהִיא אִתְּתָא דַאֲתָא לְקָמֵיהּ‎
(nedarim 50b)
(That woman, who came before him )
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָנְהוּ ‎ Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. Those (Hebrew:הֵם)Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הָנְהִי ‎ Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. Those (Hebrew:הֵן)Template:Sfn

Accusative pronominal suffixes

Accusative pronominal suffixTemplate:Sfn Meaning Examples
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ַ ן‎

<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ַ ני‎Template:Sfn

First person, singular, common <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />גַנְבַן‎ (Nedarim 62) he stole me

<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />נַטְרַנִי‎ he supervised meTemplate:Sfn

נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ

<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ך ‎Template:Sfn Second person, singular, masculine
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />יך ‎ Second person, singular, feminine
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />יה ‎ Third person, feminine, singular
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ה ‎ Third person, masculine, singular
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ה ‎ Third person, masculine, singular
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ינן ‎Template:Sfn First person, plural, common
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ינכו ‎ second person, plural, masculine
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />נכי ‎ second person, plural, feminine
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ינון / ינ(ה)ו ‎Template:Sfn Third person, plural, masculine <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ‎ (pessachim 13) he shall put them (the words) together and write themTemplate:Sfn
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ינון / י(נ)הי‎Template:Sfn Third person, plural, feminine <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />וּרְמִי אִינְהִי ← וּרְמִינְהִי‎ (berachot 9) you shall opposite them (the two sentences)Template:Sfn

Six major verbal patterns

There are six major verb stems or verbal patterns (binyanim) in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. The form pe‘al (פְּעַל) “to do”, the form Aph'el (אַפְעֵל) “let do”, and the form Pa'el (פַּעֵל) “like to do”, are all in the active voice. But the form Itpe'el (אִתְפְּעֵל), the form Itaph'al (אִתַפְעַל) and the form Itpa'al (אִתְפַּעַל) are essentially reflexive and usually function in a passive sense.[1][2]

Aramaic binyan Hebrew binyan Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
פְּעַל Pe'al קַל Qal/Pa'al כְּתַב כָּתַב he wrote
אִתְפְּעֵל Itpe'el נִפְעַל Niphal אִתְכְּתֵיב נִכְתַב it was written
אַפְעֵל Aph'el הִפְעִיל Hiph'il אַפְקֵד הִפְקִיד he deposited
אִתַפְעַל Itaph'al הֻפְעַל Huph‘al אִתַפְקַד הֻפְקַד it was deposited
פַּעֵל Pa'el פִּעֵל Pi'el קַדֵּיש קִדֵּש he sanctifed
אִתְפַּעַל Itpa'al הִתְפַּעֵל Hitpa'el וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ הִתְקַדֵּשׁ it was sanctifed

Verbal pattern (binyan): pe‘al (פְּעַל) Basic Verb – Active

past tense
Aramaic verb WROTE [3] Hebrew verb parallel WROTE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא כְּתַבִית אֲנִי כָּתַבְתִּי ana k'tavit ani katavti I wrote
אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ אַתָּה כָּתַבְתָּ att' k'tavt atta katavta you (m.) wrote
אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ אַתְּ כָּתַבְתְּ att' k'tavt att' katavt you (f.) wrote
הוּא כְּתַב הוּא כָּתַב hu k'tav hu katav he wrote
הִיא כְּתַבָה הִיא כָּתְבָה hi k'tava hi kat'va she wrote
אֲנָן כְּתַבִינָן אָנוּ כָּתַבְנוּ anan k'tavinan anu katavnu we wrote
אַתּוּ כְּתַבִיתּוּ אַתֶּם כְּתַבְתֶּם attu k'tavitu attem k'tavtem you (m.pl.) wrote
אינון כְּתַבוּ הם כָּתְּבוּ innun k'tavu hem katvu they (m.) wrote
Aramaic verb CAME [4] Hebrew verb parallel CAME Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֲתֵיתִי
אֲנָא אֲתַאי		 אֲנִי בָּאתִי ana ateti/ana atai ani bati I came
אַתְּ אֲתֵית אַתָּה בָּאתָ at atet ata bata you (m.) came
אַתְּ  ? אַתְּ בָּאת at ? at bat you (f.) came
הוּא אֲתָא הוּא בָּא hu ata hu ba he came
הִיא אֲתָת
הִיא אֲתַאי
הִיא אתיא
הִיא בָּאָה i atat/atai/atjia hi ba'a she came
אֲנָן אֲתַאן
אֲנָן אֲתַן
אֲנָן אֲתֵינַן
אָנוּ בָּאנוּ anan atan/atenan anu banu we came
אַתּוּ אֲתֵיתוּ אַתֶּם בָּאתֶם atu atetu atem batem you (m.pl.) came
אינון אֲתוּ הם בָּאוּ innun atu hem ba'u they (m.) came
אינין אֲתַיָין
אינין אֲתַאָן
יאינין אתן
הן בָּאוּ innin attajan hen ba'u they (f.) came
Participle

The Aramaic verb has two participles: an active participle with suffixTemplate:Sfn and a passive participle with suffix:Template:Sfn

active participles with suffix
Aramaic active participle WRITE with suffix Hebrew active participle WRITE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
כָּתֵיב + אֲנָא ← כָּתֵיבְנָא אֲנִי כּוֹתֵב katevna←katev+ana ani kotev I write
כָּתֵיב + אַתְּ ← כָּתְבַתְּ אַתָּה כּוֹתֵב katvat← katev+ata ata kotev you write
כָּתְבִי + אֲנָן ← כָּתְבִינָן אָנוּ כּוֹתְבִים katvinan←katvi+anan anu kotvim we write
כָּתְבִי + אַתּוּ ← כָּתְבִיתּוּ אַתֶּם כּוֹתְבִים katvitu← katvi+atu atem kotvim you (pl.) write
Aramaic active participle COME with suffix[5] Hebrew active participle COME Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אֲנָא ← אָתֵינָא אֲנִי בָּא atena←ate+ana ani ba I come
אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אַתְּ ← אָתֵיתְּ אַתָּה בָּא atet← ate+at ata ba You come
אָתוּ / אָתֵיָין + אֲנָן ← אָתִינָן אָנוּ בָּאִים atinan←atu+anan anu ba'iim we come
passive participle with suffix
Aramaic passive participle with suffix BUSY Hebrew passive participle BUSY Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
עֲסִיק + אֲנָא ← עֲסִיקְנָא אֲנִי עָסוּק assiqna←assiq+ana ani assuq I am busy
עֲסִיק + אַתְּ ← עֲסִיקַתְּ אַתָּה עָסוּק assiqat← assiq+ata ata assuq you are busy
עֲסִיקִי + אֲנַן ← עֲסִיקִינַן אָנוּ עֲסוּקִים assiqinan←assiqi+anan anu assuqim we are busy
עֲסִיקִי + אַתּוּ ← עֲסִיקִיתּוּ אַתֶּם עֲסוּקִים assiqitu← assiqi+atu atem assuqim you (pl.) are busy
infinitive /gerund
Aramaic infinitive /gerund TO COME Hebrew infinitive /gerund Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
(לְ)מֵיתֵי / לְמֵיתָא (לָ)בוֹא Lemeta/meteyi la'vo TO COME
Future tense
Aramaic verb WILL WRITE [6] Hebrew verb parallel WILL WRITE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֶיכְתּוֹב אֲנִי אֶכְתּוֹב ana eikhtov ani ekhtov I will write
אַתְּ תִּיכְתּוֹב אַתָּה תִּכְתּוֹב at tikhtov ata tikhtov You (m.sing.)will write
אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִין אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִי at tikhtevin at tikhtevi You (f.sing.) will write
הוּא לִיכְתּוֹב הוּא יִכְתּוֹב hu likhtov hu yikhtov He will write
הִיא תִּיכְתּוֹב הִיא תִּכְתּוֹב hi tikhtov hi tikhtov She will write
אֲנָן לִיכְתּוֹב אָנוּ נִכְתּוֹב anan likhtov anu nikhtov We will write
אַתּוּ תִּיכְתְּבוּן אַתֶּם תִּיכְתְּבוּ atu tikhtevu atem tikhtevun you (m.pl.) will write
אינון לִיכְתְּבוּן הם יכְתְּבוּ innun likhtevun hem yikhtevu they (m.pl.) will write

Verbal pattern (binyan): Itpe'el (אִתְפְּעֵל) Basic Verb – Passive

past tense
Aramaic verb WAS/WERE WRITTEN [7] Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE WRITTEN Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיבִית אֲנִי נִכְתַבְתִּי ana itk'tevit ani nikhtavti I was written
אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ אַתָּה נִכְתַבְתָּה at itk'tavt ata nikhtavta you (m.s.) were written
אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ אַתְּ נִכְתַבְתְּ at itk'tavt at nikhtavt you (f.s.) were written
הוּא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיב הוּא נִכְתַבְ hu itk'tev hu nikhtav it (m.) was written
הִיא אִי(תְ)כַּתְבָה הִיא נִכְתְּבָה hi itkatva hi nikhteva it (f.) was written
אֲנָן אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִינָן אָנוּ נִכְתַבְנוּ anan itkatvinan anu nikhtavnu we were written
אַתּוּ אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִיתּוּ אַתֶּם נִכְתַבְתֶּם atu itkatvitu atem nikhtavtem you (m.pl.) were written
אינון אִי(תְ)כַּתְבוּ הם נִכְתְּבוּ innun itkatvu hem nikhtevu they (m.pl.) were written
future tense
Aramaic verb Will BE WRITTEN [8] Hebrew verb parallel Will BE WRITTEN Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)כְּתֵיב אֲנִי אֶכָּתֵיב ana ekktev ani ekkatev I will be written
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב אַתָּה תִכָּתֵיב at tikktev ata tikkatev you (m.s.) will be written
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיבִין אַתְּ תִכָּתֵיבִי at tikkatevin at tikkatevi you (f.s.) will be written
הוּא לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב הוּא יִכָּתֵיב hu likktev hu yikkatev it (m.) will be written
הִיא תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב הִיא תִכָּתֵיב hi tikktev hi tikkatev it (f.) will be written
אֲנָן לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב אָנוּ נִכָּתֵיב anan likktev anu nikkatev we will be written
אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)כַּתְבוּ אַתֶּם תִכָּתְבוּ atu tikkat'vu atem tikkatvu you (m.pl.) will be written
אינון לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיבוּן הם יִכָּתבוּ innun likktevun em ikkatvu they (s.pl.) will be written
אינין לִ(תְ)כַּתְבָן הן תִכָּתֵבְנָה innin likkt'van en tikkatevna they (m.pl.) will be written

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Verbal pattern (binyan): pa‘el (פַּעֵל) Frequentative – Active

The verbal pattern (binyan) pa‘el are frequentative verbs showing repeated or intense action.

The verbal pattern pa'el is Active Frequentative.

past tense
Aramaic verb SANCTIFIED [9] Hebrew verb parallel SANCTIFIED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא קַדֵּישִית אֲנִי קִדַּשְתִּי ana qadeshit ani qiddashti I sanctified
אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ אַתָּה קִדַּשְתָּ at qadesht ata qiddashta You (m.s.) sanctified
אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ אַתְּ קִדַּשְתְּ at qadesht at qiddasht You (f.s.) sanctified
הוּא קַדֵּיש הוּא קִדֵּש hu qaddesh hu qiddesh he sanctified
הִיא קַדִּישָה הִיא קִדְּשָה hi qaddisha hi qiddsha she sanctified
אֲנָן קַדֵּישְנָן אָנוּ קִדַּשְנוּ anan qaddeshnan anu qiddashnu we sanctified
אַתּוּ קַדֵּישְתּוּ אַתֶּם קִדַּשְתֶּם atu qaddeshtu atem qiddashtem You (m.pl.) sanctified
אינון קַדִּישוּ הם קִדְּשוּ innun qaddishu hem qiddshu they (m.pl.) sanctified
future tense
Aramaic verb WILL SANCTIFY [10] Hebrew verb parallel WILL SANCTIFY Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֲקַדֵּיש אֲנִי אֲקַדֵּש ana aqadesh ani aqadesh I will sanctify
אַתְּ תְקַדֵּיש אַתָּה תְקַדֵּש at teqadesh ata teqadesh You (m.s.) will sanctify
אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי at teqadeshi at teqadeshi You (f.s.) will sanctify
הוּא יְקַדֵּיש הוּא יְקַדֵּש hu yeqadesh hu yeqadesh he will sanctify
הִיא תְקַדֵּיש הִיא תְקַדֵּש hi teqadesh hi teqadesh she will sanctify
אֲנָן לְקַדֵּיש אָנוּ נְקַדֵּש anan leqadesh anu neqadesh we will sanctify
אַתּוּ תְקַדְּשוּ אַתֶּם תְקַדְּשוּ atu teqadshu atem teqadshu You (m.pl.) will sanctify
אינון לְקַדְּשוּ הם יְקַדְּשוּ innun leqadshu hem yeqadeshu they (m.pl.) will sanctify
אינין לְקַדְּשָן הן תְקַדֵּשְנָה innin leqadshan hen teqadeshna they (f.pl.) will sanctify

Verbal pattern (binyan): Itpa'al (אִתְפַּעַל) Frequentative – Passive

The verbal pattern itpa'al is Passive Frequentative.

Aramaic verb WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED [11] Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁית אֲנִי נִתְקַדַּשְׁתִּי ana yiqqadashit ani nitqadashti I was sanctified
אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ אַתָּה נִתְקַדַּשָׁה at yiqqadasht ata nitqqadasha you (m.s.) were sanctified
אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ אַתְּ נִתְקַדַּשְׁתְּ at yiqqadasht at nitqadasht you (f.s.) were sanctified
הוּא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ הוּא נִתְקַדַּשׁ hu yiqqadash hu nitqadash it (m.) was sanctified
הִיא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשָׁה הִיא נִתְקַדַּשָׁה hi yiqqadasha hi nitqadasha it (f.) was sanctified
אֲנָן יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁינָן אָנוּ נִתְקַדַּשׁנוּ anu yiqqadashinan anu nitqadashnu we were sanctified
אַתּוּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁיתּוּ אַתֶּם נִתְקַדַּשְׁתֶּם atu yiqqadashitu innu nitqadashtem they (f.) were sanctified
אִינון יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁוּ הם נִתְקַדַּשׁוּ innun yiqqadashitu hem nitqadashu they (m.) were sanctified
Aramaic verb WILL BE SANCTIFIED [12] Hebrew verb parallel WILL BE SANCTIFIED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)קַדֵּשׁ אֲנִי אֶתְקַדַּשׁ ana eqqadash ani etqadesh I will be sanctified
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ אַתָּה תִתְקַדֵּשׁ at tiqqadash ata titqadesh you (m.s.) will be sanctified
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשִׁין אַתְּ תִתְקַדְּשִׁי at tiqqadshin at titqadshi you (f.s.) will be sanctified
הוּא לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ הוּא יִתְקַדֵּשׁ hu liqqadash hu yitqadesh it (m.) will be sanctified
הִיא תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ הִיא תִתְקַדֵּשׁ hi tiqqadash hi titqadesh it (f.) will be sanctified
אֲנָן לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ אָנוּ נִתְקַדֵּשׁ anan liqqadash anu nitqadesh we will be sanctified
אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשׁוּ אַתֶּם תִתְקַדְּשׁוּ atu tiqqadshu atem titqadshu you (m.pl.) will be sanctified
אינון לִ(תְ)קַדְּשוּן הם יִתְקַדְּשׁוּ innun liqqadshun hem yitqadshu they (m.pl.) will be sanctified
אינין לִ(תְ)קַדְּשָׁן הן תִתְקַדֵּשְׁנָה innin liqqadshan hen titqadeshna they (f.pl.) will be sanctified

Verbal pattern (binyan): aph‘el (<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אַפְעֵל‎) Causative – Active

The verbal pattern aphel is Active Causative.

past tense
Aramaic verb DEPOSITED [13] Hebrew verb parallel DEPOSITED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַפְקֵידִית אֲנִי הִפְקַדְתִּי ana afqedit ani hifqaḏti I deposited
אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ אַתָּה הִפְקַדְתָּ at afqedt ata hifqaḏtta you (m.s.) deposited
אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ אַתְּ הִפְקַדְתְּ at afqedt at hifqaḏett you (f.s.) deposited
הוּא אַפְקֵיד הוּא הִפְקִיד hu afqed hu yifqid he deposited
הִיא אַפְקִידָה הִיא הִפְקִידָה hi afqidah hi yifqidah she deposited
אֲנָן אַפְקְדִינָן אָנוּ הִפְקַדְנוּ anan afqedinan anu hifqadnu we deposited
אַתּוּ אַפְקְדִיתּוּ אַתֶּם הִפְקַדְתֶּם atu afqeditu atem hifqaḏtem you (m.pl.) deposited
אינון אַפְקִידוּ הם הִפְקִידוּ innun aphqidu hem hifqidu they (m.pl.) deposited
Aramaic verb BROUGHT Template:Sfn Hebrew verb parallel BROUGHT Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַיְיתֵית אֲנִי הֵבֵאתִי ana ajtet ani heveti I brought
אַתְּ אַיְיתֵיית אַתָּה הֵבֵאתָ at aytet ata heveta you (m.s.) brought
הוּא אַיְיתִי הוּא הֵבִיא hu ayti hu hevi he brought
הִיא אַיְיתָא
הִיא אַתָיְא
הִיא אַתָאי
 הִיא הֵבִיאָה hi ayta hi heviya she brought
אֲנָן אַיְיתֵינָא אָנוּ הֵבֵאנוּ anan aytena anu hevenu we brought
אינון אַיְיתוּ הם הֵבִיאוּ innun aytu em hevi'u they (m.pl.) brought
Participle
Aramaic active participle BRING with suffix[14] Hebrew active participle BRING Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אֲנָא ← מַיְיתֵינָא אֲנִי מֵבִיא maitena ←maite+ana ani mevi I bring
מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אַתְּ ← מַיְיתֵיתְּ אַתָּה מֵבִיא maitet← maite+at ata mevi you bring
מַיְיתוּ / מַיְתָן + אֲנָן ← מַיְיתִינָן אָנוּ מֵבִיאִים maitinan←atu+maitu anu mev'iim we bring
Future tense
Aramaic verb WILL DEPOSITE [15] Hebrew verb parallel WILL DEPOSITE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַפְקֵד אֲנִי אַפְקִיד ana afqed ani afqid I will deposite
אַתְּ תַפְקֵד אַתָּה תַפְקִיד at tafqed ata tafqid you (m.) will deposite
אַתְּ תַפְקְדִי אַתְּ תַפְקִידִי at tafqedi at tafqidi you (f.) will deposite
הוּא לַפְקֵד הוּא יַפְקִיד hu lafqed hu yahqid he will deposite
הִיא תַפְקֵד הִיא תַפְקִיד hi tafqed hi tafqid she will deposite
אֲנָן לַפְקֵד אָנוּ נַפְקִיד anan lafqed anu nafqid we will deposite
אַתּוּ תַפְקְדוּ אַתֶּם תַפְקִידוּ atu tafqedu atem tafqidu you (m.pl.) will deposite
אינון לַפְקְדוּ הם יַפְקִידוּ innun lafqedu hem yafqidu they (m.) will deposite
Aramaic verb WILL BRING [16] Hebrew verb parallel WILL BRING Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַיְיתֵי אֲנִי אָבִיא ana ayite ani avi I will bring
אַתְּ תַיְיתֵי אַתָּה תָּבִיא at tayite ata tavi you (m.) will bring
אַתְּ  ? אַתְּ תָּבִיאי at ? at tavi'i you (f.) will bring
הוּא לַיְיתֵי הוּא יָבִיא hu layite hu yavi he will bring
הִיא תַיְיתֵי הִיא תָּבִיא hi tayite hi tavi she will bring
אֲנָן לַיְיתֵי אָנוּ נָבִיא anan layite anu navi we will bring
אַתּוּ תַיְתוּ אַתֶּם תָּבִיאוּ atu tayitu atem tavi'u you (m.pl.) will bring
אינון לַיְתוּ הם יָבִיאוּ innun layitu em yavi'u they (m.) will bring

Verbal pattern (binyan): itaphal (אִתַּפְעַל) Causative – Passive voice

The verbal pattern itaphal is Passive Causative.

Aramaic verb was refuted/were refuted [17] Hebrew verb parallel was refuted/were refuted Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
הוּא אִיתּוֹתַב הוּא הוּשַׁב hu ittothav hu hushav it (m.s.) was refuted
אינון אִיתּוֹתְבוּ הם הוּשְׁבוּ innun ittotvu hem hushvu they (m.pl.) were refuted

Noun: singular/plural

noun: singularTemplate:Sfn
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Template:Sfn Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Template:Sfn the kingTemplate:Sfn
Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Template:Sfn Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Template:Sfn the worldTemplate:Sfn
Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Template:Sfn Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Template:Sfn the stateTemplate:Sfn
Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)[18] Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".) the word/thingTemplate:Sfn
noun: pluralTemplate:Sfn
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)/ Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)[19] are often used not only in the construct state but even in the absolute and emphatic states. Thus, in Babylonian Aramaic, the form Script error: No such module "Lang". may mean either the kings of or kings or the kings"Template:Sfn Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Template:Sfn the kingsTemplate:Sfn
Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)/ Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Template:Sfn Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Template:Sfn the worldsTemplate:Sfn
Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)[20] Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".) the words/things

List of verbs

Aramaic verb Hebrew verb parallel English translation
בע'Template:Sfn רָצָה ask, request, want and require
חז'Template:Sfn רָאָה see
עבדTemplate:Sfn עָשָׂה do/make
פלגTemplate:Sfn חלק divide
צרךTemplate:Sfn צריך necessity
את'Template:Sfn בָּא come
תנ'Template:Sfn שנה teach, learn, state, recite and repeat
תובTemplate:Sfn שוב return
נפקTemplate:Sfn יָצָא go out
נחתTemplate:Sfn יָרַד go down
סלקTemplate:Sfn עָלָה go up
ילףTemplate:Sfn למד learn, teach
יתבTemplate:Sfn יָשַׁב to sit
זבןTemplate:Sfn קָנָה/מָכַר to buy/sell
הדרTemplate:Sfn חָזַר to return
סלקTemplate:Sfn הוֹרִיד, הֵסִיר to remove
גליTemplate:Sfn גִּלָּה to reveal
אסיTemplate:Sfn רִפֵּא to heal, cure
הויTemplate:Sfn הָיָה he was
קום / קָאֵםTemplate:Sfn הִתְקַיֵּם/עומד to stand
עללTemplate:Sfn בָּא אֶל to enter

Idiom

Idiom
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
קָאֵים
(qa'em)Template:Sfn 		– "rising, standing, referring to"[21]
קָאֵים – קָא
(qa)Template:Sfn 		– –[22]
מַאי קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן
(mai qa mashma lan)Template:Sfn 		מָה מַשְׁמִיעַ לָנּוּ
(ma mashma lanu) 		"What new point is he teaching us "[23]
מַאי קָאָמַר
(mai qa'amar)Template:Sfn 		מָה הוּא אוֹמֵר
(ma hu omer) 		"What does he mean "[24]
תָּנוּ רַבָּנָן
(tanu rabanan)Template:Sfn 		שָׁנוּ חֲכָמִים
(shanu khakhamim) 		"the rabbis taught"[25]
מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי
(mena hane mileji)Template:Sfn 		מִנַּיִין המִילִּים האֵלֶּה
(minajin ha-milim ha-ele) 		"What is the source"[26]

Modern study

The language has received considerable scholarly attention, as shown in the bibliography below. However, the majority of those who are familiar with it, namely Orthodox Jewish students of Talmud, are given no systematic instruction in the language, and are expected to "sink or swim" in the course of their Talmudic studies, with the help of some informal pointers showing similarities and differences with Hebrew.[27]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "A survey of the aramaic binyanim"
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Talmud Bavli Aramaic"
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Past tense: binyan"
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Past tense: came"
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "active participle with suffi"
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Future tense: binyan"
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Past tense: binyan"
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Future tense: binyan"
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Past tense: binyan"
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Future tense: binyan"
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Past tense: binyan"
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Future tense: banyan"
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Past tense: binyan"
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "active participle with suffi"
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Future tense: binyan"
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Future tense: will bring"
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Past tense:was refuted/were refuted"
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "From where is the maxim that people say"
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "...in the plural of masculine nouns ... construct forms such as Script error: No such module "Lang"."
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "From where do we derive these things"
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "This participle is often used with a word that has a prepositional prefix – אֵי, to mean basing oneself upon or referring to."
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "A contraction of the participle Script error: No such module "Lang". (from the root Script error: No such module "Lang".) is often placed before another participle ... it has an emphatic effect that is difficult to translate into English."
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "What new point is he teaching us? This question points out a difficulty: Since the amora's halakha was already known to us from a mishna, a baraita, or the amora's own statement on another occasion – why did the amora present it again?"
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "What does he mean? This question seeks a clarification of the meaning of a mishna, a baraitha, an amoraic statement, or a pasuk."
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "the hakhamim taught. This expression usually introduces a baraitha that begins with an anonymous statement."
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "From where do we derive these things? What is the source? This question seeks a source for a statement in a mishna, in a baraitha, or by an amora."
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Bibliography

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Publisher missing (reprints available)
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