Javelin throw

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Template:Short description Template:Pp-move Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox athletics event

The javelin throw is a track and field event where the javelin, a spear about Template:Convert in length, is thrown as far as possible. The javelin thrower gains momentum by running within a predetermined area. Javelin throwing is an event of both the men's decathlon and the women's heptathlon.

History

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File:Attic red-figure cup - javelin thrower (Berlin Ant F 2728).jpg
Javelin thrower on an Athenian red-figure cup, 5th century BCE (Berlin Antikensammlung F 2728)

The javelin throw was added to the Ancient Olympic Games as part of the pentathlon in 708 BC.[1] It included two events, one for distance and the other for accuracy in hitting a target. The javelin was thrown with the aid of a thong (ankyle in Greek) that was wound around the middle of the shaft. Athletes held the javelin by the ankyle, a leather strap around the shaft, so when they released the javelin, the unwinding of the thong gave the javelin a spiral trajectory.[2]

Throwing javelin-like poles into targets was revived in Germany and Sweden in the early 1870s. In Sweden, these poles developed into the modern javelin, and throwing them for distance became a common event there and in Finland in the 1880s. The rules continued to evolve over the next decades; originally, javelins were thrown with no run-up, and holding them by the grip at the center of gravity was not always mandatory. Limited run-ups were introduced in the late 1890s, and soon developed into the modern unlimited run-up.[3]Template:Rp

Sweden's Eric Lemming, who threw his first world best (49.32 metres) in 1899 and ruled the event from 1902 to 1912, was the first dominant javelin thrower.[3]Template:Rp[4]Template:Rp When the men's javelin was introduced as an Olympic discipline at the 1906 Intercalated Games, Lemming won by almost nine metres and broke his own world record; Sweden swept the first four places, as Finland's best throwers were absent and the event had yet to become popular in any other country.[3]Template:Rp Though challenged by younger talents, Lemming repeated as Olympic champion in 1908 and 1912; his eventual best mark (62.32 m, thrown after the 1912 Olympics) was the first javelin world record to be officially ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations.[3]Template:Rp[5]

File:Julius Saaristo 1912b.jpg
Julius Saaristo in 1912 Summer Olympics

In the late 19th and early 20th century, most javelin competitions were two-handed; the implement was thrown with the right hand and separately with the left hand, and the best marks for each hand were added together. Competitions for the better hand only were less common, though not unknown.[4] At the Olympics, a both-hands contest was held only once, in 1912; Finland swept the medals, ahead of Lemming.[3]Template:Rp After that, this version of the javelin rapidly faded into obscurity, together with similar variations of the shot and the discus; Sweden's Yngve Häckner, with his total of 114.28 m from 1917, was the last official both-hands world record holder.[6]

Another early variant was the freestyle javelin, in which holding the javelin by the grip at the center of gravity was not mandatory; such a freestyle competition was held at the 1908 Olympics, but it was dropped from the program after that.[4]Template:Rp Hungary's Mór Kóczán used a freestyle end grip to break the 60-metre barrier in 1911, a year before Lemming and Julius Saaristo first did so with a regular grip.[3]Template:Rp[7]Template:Rp

The first known women's javelin marks were recorded in Finland in 1909.[8] Originally, women threw the same implement as men; a lighter, shorter javelin for women was introduced in the 1920s. Women's javelin throw was added to the Olympic program in 1932; Mildred "Babe" Didrikson of the United States became the first champion.[4]Template:Rp

For a long time, javelins were made of solid wood, typically birch, with a steel tip. The hollow, highly aerodynamic Held javelin, invented by American thrower Bud Held and developed and manufactured by his brother Dick, was introduced in the 1950s; the first Held javelins were also wooden with steel tips, but later models were made entirely of metal.[4]Template:Rp[8][9] These new javelins flew further, but were also less likely to land neatly point first; as a response to the increasingly frequent flat or ambiguously flat landings, experiments with modified javelins started in the early 1980s. The resulting designs, which made flat landings much less common and reduced the distances thrown, became official for men starting in April 1986 and for women in April 1999, and the world records (then 104.80 m by Uwe Hohn, and 80.00 m by Petra Felke) were reset.[10] The current (Template:As of) men's world record is held by Jan Železný at 98.48 m (1996); Barbora Špotáková holds the women's world record at 72.28 m (2008).

Of the 69 Olympic medals that have been awarded in the men's javelin, 32 have gone to competitors from Norway, Sweden or Finland. Finland is the only nation to have swept the medals at a currently recognized official Olympics, and has done so twice, in 1920 and 1932, in addition to its 1912 sweep in the two-handed javelin; in 1920 Finland swept the first four places, which is no longer possible as only three entrants per country are allowed. Finland has, however, never been nearly as successful in the women's javelin.[4]Template:Rp

The javelin throw has been part of the decathlon since the decathlon was introduced in the early 1910s; the all-around, an earlier ten-event contest of American origin, did not include the javelin throw. The javelin was also part of some (though not all) of the many early forms of women's pentathlon and has always been included in the heptathlon after it replaced the pentathlon in 1981.[11]

Rules and competitions

Template:More citations needed section

The size, shape, minimum weight, and center of gravity of the javelin are all defined by World Athletics rules. In international competition, men throw a javelin between Template:Convert in length and Template:Convert in weight, and women throw a javelin between Template:Convert in length and Template:Convert in weight. The javelin has a grip, about Template:Convert wide, made of cord and located at the javelin's center of gravity (Template:Convert) from the javelin tip for the men's javelin and Template:Convert from the javelin tip for the women's javelin.

File:Matti Järvinen.jpg
Matti Järvinen throwing the javelin at the 1932 Olympics

Unlike the other throwing events (shot put, discus, and hammer), the technique used to throw the javelin is dictated by World Athletics rules and "non-orthodox" techniques are not permitted. The javelin must be held at its grip and thrown overhand, over the athlete's shoulder or upper arm. Further, the athlete is prohibited from turning completely around or starting with their back facing the direction of the throw. This prevents athletes from attempting to spin and hurl the javelin sidearm in the style of a discus throw. This rule was put in place when a group of athletes began experimenting with a spin technique referred to as "free style". On 24 October 1956, Pentti Saarikoski threw Template:T&Fcalc[12] using the technique holding the end of the javelin. Officials were so afraid of the out of control nature of the technique that the practice was banned through these rule specifications.

Instead of being confined to a circle, javelin throwers have a runway Template:Convert wide and at least Template:Convert in length, ending in an Template:Cvt radius throwing arc from which their throw is measured; athletes typically use this distance to gain momentum in a "run-up" to their throw. Like the other throwing events, the competitor may not leave the throwing area (the runway) until after the implement lands. The need to come to a stop behind the throwing arc limits both how close the athlete can come to the line before the release as well as the maximum speed achieved at the time of release.

The javelin is thrown towards a 28.96º circular sector that is centered on the center point of the throwing arc. The angle of the throwing sector (28.96º) provides sector boundaries that are easy to construct and lay out on a field.[13] A throw is only legal if the tip of the javelin lands within this sector and first strikes the ground before any other part of the javelin.[14] The distance of the throw is measured from the throwing arc to the point where the tip of the javelin landed, rounded down to the nearest centimetre.

Competition rules are similar to other throwing events: a round consists of one attempt by each competitor in turn, and competitions typically consist of three to six rounds. The competitor with the longest single legal throw (over all rounds) is the winner; in case of a tie, the competitors' second-longest throws are also considered. Competitions involving large numbers of athletes sometimes use a cut whereby all competitors compete in the first three rounds but only those who are currently among the top eight or have achieved some minimum distances are permitted to attempt to improve on their distance in additional rounds (typically three).

The javelin is almost always thrown outdoors, though it is rarely thrown indoors. The world record for men's indoor javelin throw is Template:Convert by Matti Närhi in 1996.[15]

Javelin redesigns

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File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1984-0513-018, Uwe Hohn.jpg
Uwe Hohn (pictured in 1984) holds the "eternal world record" with a throw of 104.80 m, as a new type of javelin (less debate of landing spot, less danger of reaching the spectators) was implemented in 1986.

On 1 April 1986, the men's javelin (Template:Convert) was redesigned by the governing body (the IAAF Technical Committee). They decided to change the rules for javelin design because of the increasingly frequent flat landings and the resulting discussions and protests when these attempts were declared valid or invalid by competition judges. The world record had also crept up to a potentially dangerous level, Template:Convert by Uwe Hohn. With throws exceeding 100 metres, it was becoming difficult to safely stage the competition within the confines of a stadium infield. The javelin was redesigned so that the centre of gravity was moved Template:Convert forward. In addition, the surface area in front of centre of gravity was reduced, while the surface area behind the centre of gravity was increased. This had an effect similar to that produced by the feathers on an arrow. The javelin turns into the relative wind. This relative wind appears to originate from the ground as the javelin descends, thus the javelin turns to face the ground. As the javelin turns into the wind less lift is generated, reducing the flight distance by around 10% but also causing the javelin to stick in the ground more consistently. In 1999, the women's javelin (Template:Convert) was similarly redesigned.[16]

Modifications that manufacturers made to recover some of the lost distance, by increasing tail drag (using holes, rough paint or dimples), were forbidden at the end of 1991 and performances made using implements with such modifications removed from the record books. Seppo Räty had achieved a world record of Template:Convert in 1991 with such a design, but this record was nullified.

Weight rules by age group

The weight of the javelin in the Under-20 category is the same as the senior level.[17]

Men Women
Age group Weight Weight
U14 Template:Cvt
U16 Template:Cvt Template:Cvt
U18 Template:Cvt
Junior (U20) Template:Cvt Template:Cvt
Senior
35–49
50–74 Template:Cvt
50–59 Template:Cvt
60–69 Template:Cvt
70–79 Template:Cvt
75+ Template:Cvt
80+ Template:Cvt

Technique and training

Unlike other throwing events, javelin allows the competitor to build speed over a considerable distance. In addition, the core and upper body strength is necessary to deliver the implement, javelin throwers benefit from the agility and athleticism typically associated with running and jumping events. Thus, the athletes share more physical characteristics with sprinters than with others, although they still need the skill of heavier throwing athletes.

Traditional free-weight training is often used by javelin throwers. Metal-rod exercises and resistance band exercises can be used to train a similar action to the javelin throw to increase power and intensity. Without proper strength and flexibility, throwers can become extremely injury prone, especially in the shoulder and elbow. Core stability can help in the transference of physical power and force from the ground through the body to the javelin. Stretching and sprint training are used to enhance the speed of the athlete at the point of release, and subsequently, the speed of the javelin. At release, a javelin must reach speeds approaching 113 km/h (70 mph).

The javelin throw consists of three separate phases: the run-up, the transition, and the delivery. During each phase, the position of the javelin changes while the thrower changes his or her muscle recruitment. In the run-up phase as Luann Voza said, "your arm is bent and kept close to your head, keeping the javelin in alignment with little to no arm movement".[18] This allows the thrower's bicep to contract, flexing the elbow. In order for the javelin to stay up high, the thrower's deltoid flexes. In the transition phase, the thrower's "back muscles contract" as "the javelin is brought back in alignment with the shoulder with the thrower's palm up".[18] This, according to Voza, "stretches your pectoral, or chest, muscles. From there, a stretch reflex, an involuntary contraction of your chest, helps bring your throwing arm forward with increased force".[18] During the final phase, the rotation of the shoulders initiates the release, which then "transfers movement through the triceps muscles, wrists and fingers to extend the throwing arm forward to release the javelin".[18]

Culture

File:A mens and womens javelin.png
A women's (600-g, left) and men's (800-g, right) javelin.

In 1994, Michael Torke composed Javelin, commissioned by the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games in celebration of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra's 50th anniversary season, in conjunction with the 1996 Summer Olympics.

Javelin throwers have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the €5 Finnish 10th IAAF World Championships in Athletics commemorative coin, minted in 2005 to commemorate the 2005 World Championships in Athletics. On the obverse of the coin, a javelin thrower is depicted. On the reverse, legs of hurdle runners with the Helsinki Olympic Stadium tower in the background can be seen.

All-time top 25 (current models)

Tables show data for two definitions of "Top 25" - the top 25 javelin throw marks and the top 25 athletes:
- denotes top performance for athletes in the top 25 javelin throw marks
- denotes lesser performances, still in the top 25 javelin throw marks, by repeat athletes
- denotes top performance (only) for other top 25 athletes who fall outside the top 25 javelin throw marks

Men

Ath.# Perf.# Mark Athlete Nation Date Place Template:Refh
1 1 Template:T&FcalcR Jan Železný Script error: No such module "flag". 25 May 1996 Jena
2 2 Template:T&FcalcR Johannes Vetter Template:GER 6 September 2020 Chorzów [21]
3 Template:T&FcalcR Vetter #2 29 May 2021 Chorzów
4 Template:T&FcalcR Železný #2 29 August 1993 Sheffield
5 Template:T&FcalcR Template:AthAbbr Železný #3 6 April 1993 Pietersburg
6 Template:T&FcalcR Železný #4 31 May 1996 Ostrava
7 Template:T&FcalcR Vetter #3 11 July 2017 Luzern
8 Template:T&FcalcR Vetter #4 19 May 2021 Ostrava
9 Template:T&FcalcR Železný #5 26 March 1997 Stellenbosch
3 10 Template:T&FcalcR Thomas Röhler Template:GER 5 May 2017 Doha [22]
11 Template:T&FcalcR Vetter #5 18 August 2017 Thum
12 Template:T&FcalcR Vetter #6 26 June 2021 Kuortane
13 Template:T&FcalcR Vetter #7 21 May 2021 Dessau
4 14 Template:T&FcalcR Aki Parviainen Script error: No such module "flag". 26 June 1999 Kuortane
5 15 Template:T&FcalcR Anderson Peters Script error: No such module "flag". 13 May 2022 Doha [23]
6 16 Template:T&FcalcR Arshad Nadeem Script error: No such module "flag". 8 August 2024 Saint-Denis [24]
17 Template:T&FcalcR Železný #6 12 August 2001 Edmonton
7 18 Template:T&FcalcR Julius Yego Script error: No such module "flag". 26 August 2015 Beijing [25]
19 Template:T&FcalcR Vetter #8 11 March 2018 Leiria
8 20 Template:T&FcalcR Sergey Makarov Script error: No such module "flag". 30 June 2002 Sheffield
9 21 Template:T&FcalcR Raymond Hecht Template:GER 14 August 1996 Zurich
22 Template:T&FcalcR Železný #7 28 May 1997 Ostrava
23 Template:T&FcalcR Parviainen #2 24 June 2001 Vaasa
24 Template:T&FcalcR Železný #8 9 September 1995 Monaco
Hecht #2 14 August 1996 Zurich
10 Template:T&FcalcR Andreas Hofmann Template:GER 2 June 2018 Offenburg [26]
11 Template:T&FcalcR Konstadinós Gatsioúdis Script error: No such module "flag". 24 June 2000 Kuortane
12 Template:T&FcalcR Andreas Thorkildsen Script error: No such module "flag". 2 June 2006 Oslo
13 Template:T&FcalcR Tero Pitkämäki Script error: No such module "flag". 26 June 2005 Kuortane
14 Template:T&FcalcR Julian Weber Template:GER 28 August 2025 Zurich [27]
15 Template:T&FcalcR Steve Backley Script error: No such module "flag". 25 January 1992 Auckland [28]
16 Template:T&FcalcR Cheng Chao-tsun Script error: No such module "flag". 26 August 2017 Taipei [29]
17 Template:T&FcalcR Breaux Greer Script error: No such module "flag". 21 June 2007 Indianapolis
18 Template:T&FcalcR Luiz Maurício da Silva Script error: No such module "flag". 3 August 2025 São Paulo [30]
19 Template:T&FcalcR Jakub Vadlejch Script error: No such module "flag". 13 May 2022 Doha [23]
20 Template:T&FcalcR Kimmo Kinnunen Script error: No such module "flag". 26 August 1991 Tokyo
21 Template:T&FcalcR Vadims Vasiļevskis Script error: No such module "flag". 22 July 2007 Tallinn
22 Template:T&FcalcR Magnus Kirt Script error: No such module "flag". 22 June 2019 Kuortane [31]
23 Template:T&FcalcR Seppo Räty Script error: No such module "flag". 20 July 1992 Nurmijärvi
24 Template:T&FcalcR Boris Henry Template:GER 9 July 1997 Linz
25 Template:T&FcalcR Neeraj Chopra Script error: No such module "flag". 16 May 2025 Doha [32]

Women

  • Correct as of September 2025.[33]
Ath.# Perf.# Mark Athlete Nation Date Place Template:Refh
1 1 Template:T&FcalcR Barbora Špotáková Script error: No such module "flag". 13 September 2008 Stuttgart
2 2 Template:T&FcalcR Osleidys Menéndez Script error: No such module "flag". 14 August 2005 Helsinki
3 Template:T&FcalcR Špotáková #2 2 September 2011 Daegu
4 Template:T&FcalcR Menéndez #2 1 July 2001 Rethymno
5 Template:T&FcalcR Menéndez #3 27 August 2004 Athens
6 Template:T&FcalcR Špotáková #3 21 August 2008 Beijing
3 7 Template:T&FcalcR Maria Andrejczyk Script error: No such module "flag". 9 May 2021 Split [34]
4 8 Template:T&FcalcR Mariya Abakumova Script error: No such module "flag". 1 September 2013 Berlin
5 9 Template:T&FcalcR Christina Obergföll Template:GER 23 June 2007 Munich
10 Template:T&FcalcR Obergföll #2 14 August 2005 Helsinki
11 Template:T&FcalcR Menéndez #4 29 August 2001 Beijing
12 Template:T&FcalcR Obergföll #3 31 August 2008 Elstal
13 Template:T&FcalcR Abakumova #2 25 August 2013 Elstal
14 Template:T&FcalcR Obergföll #4 8 September 2011 Zurich
15 Template:T&FcalcR Špotáková #4 9 August 2012 London
16 Template:T&FcalcR Menéndez #5 6 August 2001 Edmonton
6 17 Template:T&FcalcR Trine Hattestad Script error: No such module "flag". 28 July 2000 Oslo
18 Template:T&FcalcR Špotáková #5 22 July 2011 Monaco
7 19 Template:T&FcalcR Sunette Viljoen Script error: No such module "flag". 9 June 2012 New York City
20 Template:T&FcalcR Abakumova #3 16 March 2013 Castellón
8 21 Template:T&FcalcR Christin Hussong Template:GER 30 May 2021 Chorzów [35]
22 Template:T&FcalcR Špotáková #6 31 May 2008 Zaragoza
23 Template:T&FcalcR Abakumova #4 16 August 2013 Moscow
24 Template:T&FcalcR Obergföll #5 18 August 2013 Moscow
25 Template:T&FcalcR Abakumova #5 29 August 2013 Zurich
9 Template:T&FcalcR Kathryn Mitchell Script error: No such module "flag". 11 April 2018 Gold Coast [36]
10 Template:T&FcalcR Sara Kolak Template:CRO 6 July 2017 Lausanne [37]
11 Template:T&FcalcR Steffi Nerius Template:GER 31 August 2008 Elstal
12 Template:T&FcalcR Kara Winger Script error: No such module "flag". 2 September 2022 Brussels [38]
13 Template:T&FcalcR Lü Huihui Script error: No such module "flag". 2 August 2019 Shenyang [39]
14 Template:T&FcalcR Victoria Hudson Script error: No such module "flag". 28 June 2025 Maribor [40]
15 Template:T&FcalcR Kelsey-Lee Barber Script error: No such module "flag". 9 July 2019 Lucerne [41]
16 Template:T&FcalcR Katharina Molitor Template:GER 30 August 2015 Beijing [42]
17 Template:T&FcalcR Sonia Bisset Script error: No such module "flag". 6 July 2005 Salamanca
18 Template:T&FcalcR Mirela Manjani Script error: No such module "flag". 30 September 2000 Sydney
19 Template:T&FcalcR Tatsiana Khaladovich Script error: No such module "flag". 7 June 2018 Oslo [43]
20 Template:T&FcalcR Nikola Ogrodníková Script error: No such module "flag". 26 May 2019 Offenburg [44]
Maggie Malone Script error: No such module "flag". 17 July 2021 East Stroudsburg
22 Template:T&FcalcR Haruka Kitaguchi Script error: No such module "flag". 8 September 2023 Brussels [45]
23 Template:T&FcalcR Linda Stahl Template:GER 14 June 2014 New York City
24 Template:T&FcalcR Vera Rebrik Script error: No such module "flag". 19 February 2016 Sochi
25 Template:T&FcalcR Hanna Hatsko-Fedusova Script error: No such module "flag". 26 July 2014 Kirovohrad
Liu Shiying Script error: No such module "flag". 15 September 2020 Shaoxing [46]

Annulled marks

  • In 2011, Mariya Abakumova threw 71.99 metres. This performance was annulled due to doping offences.

All-time top 5 (dimpled models 1990–1991)

Marks set using dimpled rough-tailed javelins manufactured by several companies were nullified effective 20 September 1991.[7]Template:Rp

Rank Mark Athlete Date Place Ref
1 96.96 Template:Flagathlete 2 June 1991 Punkalaidun [47]
2 91.36 Template:Flagathlete 15 September 1991 Sheffield
3 90.84 Template:Flagathlete 8 September 1991 Gengenbach
4 90.82 Template:Flagathlete 26 August 1991 Tokyo
5 90.72 Template:Flagathlete 10 July 1991 Lausanne

All-time top 15 (old models)

Men

Rank Mark Athlete Date Place Ref
1 104.80 Template:Flagathlete 21 July 1984 Berlin
2 99.72 Template:Flagathlete 15 May 1983 Westwood
3 96.72 Template:Flagathlete 23 April 1980 Tata
Template:Flagathlete 9 June 1983 Berlin
5 95.80 Template:Flagathlete 29 August 1982 Stuttgart
6 95.10 Template:Flagathlete 5 August 1985 Eugene
7 94.58 Template:Flagathlete 26 July 1976 Montreal
8 94.22 Template:Flagathlete 3 August 1978 Oslo
9 94.20 Template:Flagathlete 5 June 1983 Birmingham
10 94.08 Template:Flagathlete 5 May 1973 Leverkusen
11 94.06 Template:Flagathlete 26 July 1985 Eugene
12 93.90 Template:Flagathlete 6 June 1973 Helsinki
13 93.84 Template:Flagathlete 27 January 1979 Auckland
14 93.80 Template:Flagathlete 6 July 1972 Stockholm
15 93.70 Template:Flagathlete 17 July 1985 Kyiv

Women

File:Tessa Sanderson-2.jpg
Tessa Sanderson appeared in every Summer Olympics from 1976 to 1996, winning the gold medal in the javelin at the 1984 Olympics. She was the first Black British woman to win an Olympic gold medal, and the second track and field athlete to compete at six Olympics. Sanderson won gold medals at three Commonwealth Games and at the 1992 IAAF World Cup. She set five Commonwealth records and ten British national records in the javelin, as well as records at junior and masters levels. Sanderson had a rivalry with fellow Briton Fatima Whitbread, who took the bronze in the 1984 Olympics.
Rank Mark Athlete Date Place Ref
1 80.00 Template:Flagathlete 8 September 1988 Potsdam
2 77.44 Template:Flagathlete 28 August 1986 Stuttgart
3 74.76 Template:Flagathlete 13 June 1983 Tampere
4 74.20 Template:Flagathlete 26 September 1982 Hania
5 73.58 Template:Flagathlete 26 June 1983 Edinburgh
6 72.70 Template:Flagathlete 20 May 1984 Hania
7 72.16 Template:Flagathlete 5 May 1984 Celje
8 72.12 Template:Flagathlete 10 July 1993 Oslo
9 71.88 Template:Flagathlete 15 August 1981 Zagreb
10 71.82 Template:Flagathlete 30 August 1985 Leverkusen
11 71.40 Template:Flagathlete 5 June 1994 Sevilla
12 71.00 Template:Flagathlete 25 June 1988 Rostock
13 70.76 Template:Flagathlete 22 June 1989 Rostock
14 70.42 Template:Flagathlete 6 August 1990 Tianjin
15 70.20 Template:Flagathlete 9 May 1991 Halle

Olympic medalists

Men

Template:Olympic medalists in men's javelin throw

Women

Template:Olympic medalists in women's javelin throw

World Championships medalists

Men

Template:World Championships in Athletics medalists in men's javelin throw

Women

Template:World Championships in Athletics medalists in women's javelin throw

Season's bests

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See also

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References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  4. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ IAAF Scoring Tables for Combined Events, pp. 7–10.
  12. ↑ Pentti Saarikosk
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  18. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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