Gagaku

Template:Short description Template:Italic title Template:For-multi is a type of Japanese classical music that was historically used for imperial court music and dances. was developed as court music of the Kyoto Imperial Palace, and its near-current form was established in the Heian period (794–1185) around the 10th century. Today, it is performed by the Board of Ceremonies in the Tokyo Imperial Palace. Gagaku is performed using wind, percussion, and string instruments. Each piece is based on a main melody which each instrument embellishes.

Gagaku consists of three primary repertoires:

1. Native Shinto religious music and imperial songs and dance, called
2. Vocal music based on native folk poetry, called
3. Songs and dance based on foreign-style music
   1. A Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian form (specifically Tang dynasty), called
   2. A Korean and Manchurian form, called

, like , employs the yo scale, a pentatonic scale with ascending intervals of two, three, two, two, and three semitones between the five scale tones. Artistically it differs from the music of the corresponding Chinese form () which is a term reserved for ceremonial music.

Etymology

The term gagaku originated in Japan in the year 701 when the Gagaku-ryō, a government bureau which oversaw music education and performance in the Japanese Imperial Court, was established. The word Gagaku comes from the Chinese word yayue, originally meaning Confucian ritual music. Gagaku is the Japanese reading for yayue, but by the time the word was introduced in Japan, its meaning had changed to be Chinese popular music and foreign music. Because Gagaku was built on elements from foreign music, the Japanese application of the term gagaku to this repertoire aligned with how the word was being used in China at the time.

History

File:Bugaku(Naiku) 01.JPG

Jingu-Bugaku at Kotaijingu (Naiku), Ise city, Mie Prefecture

The prototype of was introduced into Japan with Buddhism from China. In 589, Japanese official diplomatic delegations were sent to China (during the Sui dynasty) to learn Chinese culture, including Chinese court music. By the 7th century, the (the 13-stringed zither) and the (a short-necked lute) had been introduced into Japan from China. Various instruments, including these two, were the earliest used to play .

Even though the Japanese use the same term, ( in Mandarin Chinese), the form of music imported from China was primarily banquet music () rather than the ceremonial music of the Chinese . The importation of music peaked during the Tang dynasty, and these pieces are called (Tang music). pieces that originated at a time earlier than the Tang dynasty are called (ancient music), while those originating after the Tang dynasty are called (new music). The term itself was first recorded in 701, when the first imperial academy of music was established.

Music from the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo had been recorded as early as 453 AD, and was eventually used as a term that covered all Korean pieces, the Goguryeo kingdom being referred to as Koma in Japanese. and became established in southern Japan during the Nara period (710–794). In 736, music from India and Vietnam were also introduced, known as and respectively.

During the Nara period in the 8th century, was performed at national events, such as the erection of the Great Buddha of Todai-ji Temple, by organizing performance groups at large temples.

From the 9th century to the 10th century, during the Heian period, traditional was developed further, becoming distinctly Japanese in style through its fusion with musical styles indigenous to Japan, changing it greatly. The form of was almost completed by the fusion of , , and which were introduced from Asian countries, with , traditional Japanese music, and , songs born in the Heian period. During this period, many pieces of music were created and foreign-style music was rearranged and renewed. was also reorganized, and foreign-style music was classified into categories called and . Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian style was classified as , and Korean and Manchurian style was classified as . and were also included in the category of .

The popularity of reached its peak between the 9th and 10th centuries, when court aristocracy began to hold private concerts, but declined in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) when the power of the court aristocracy became diminished while that of the samurai rose. was played by musicians who belonged to hereditary guilds. During the Kamakura period, military rule was imposed and was rarely performed at court. At this time, there were three guilds, based in Osaka, Nara and Kyoto.

Due to the Ōnin War, a civil war from 1467 to 1477 during the Muromachi period, ensembles ceased to perform in Kyoto for about 100 years. In the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate revived and reorganized the court-style ensembles, the direct ancestors of the present ensembles.

After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, musicians from all three guilds came to the capital and their descendants make up most of the current Tokyo Imperial Palace Music Department. By that time, the present ensemble composition had been established, consisting of three wind instruments – , , and (bamboo mouth organ used to provide harmony) – and three percussion instruments – (small drum), (metal percussion), and (drum) or (large drum), supplemented by two string instruments – and .

also accompanies classical dance performances called . It may be used in religious ceremonies in some Buddhist temples.

In 1955, the Japanese government recognized and as important National Treasures.

Today, is performed in three ways:

• as , concert music for winds, strings and percussion,
• as , or dance music, for which the stringed instruments are omitted.
• as kayō, singing and chanting poetry to the accompaniment of a musical instrument, classified into 10 categories.

survives only as .

Contemporary ensembles, such as , perform contemporary compositions for instruments. This subgenre of contemporary works for instruments, which began in the 1960s, is called . 20th-century composers such as Tōru Takemitsu have composed works for ensembles, as well as individual instruments. In January 2015 the Reigakusha Ensemble and Ensemble Modern performed together Music with silent aitake's by Belgian composer Frederic D'Haene, making and Western music co-exist.

Forms of Performance

Two of the main ways that gagaku is performed are kangen (concert music) and bugaku (dance music). Kangen is performed using wind, string and percussion instruments while bugaku usually does not include strings.

Gagaku can be classified into two categories. Tōgaku, or “music from the left” includes music brought over from China and Southeast Asia. Komagaku, or “music from the right” includes music brought over from Korea and Bohai. In tōgaku, pieces are further classified into categories based on size. Taikyoku, chūkyokū, and shōkyoku are large, medium, and small pieces respectively. All komogaku pieces are dance pieces and therefore do not include strings.

Instruments used

Wind, string and percussion instruments are essential elements of gagaku music. Some instruments, such as Haishō, Gogen biwa, Kugo had been removed from the ensemble during Heian period and reconstructed based on the old documents and some remains of the instruments in the Shōsō-in during Showa Era.

Wind

• , also called chukan
• , panpipes
• , oboe
• , transverse flute larger than ryūteki, used in kuniburi no utamai
• , transverse flute smaller than ryūteki, used in komagaku
• , transverse flute used in tōgaku
• , mouth organ
• , large mouth organ

String

• , 4-stringed lute
• , 13-string zither of Chinese origin
• , 5-stringed lute
• , angled harp used in ancient times and recently revived
• , zither of Japanese origin, with 6 or 7 strings

Percussion

• , large drums used at festivals
• , small, ornately decorated hourglass-shaped drum
• , small hourglass-shaped drum struck with two wooden sticks
• , hourglass-shaped drum
• , clapper made from a pair of flat wooden sticks
• , small gong, struck with two horn beaters
• , a bell tree clapper, specific to Mikomai dance performed as Mi-kagura
• , drum on a stand with ornately painted head, played with two padded sticks
• , hourglass drum, specific to Shirabyōshi dance performed as Mi-kagura

Form

The basis of a Gagaku piece is one melody which is interpreted by all members of the ensemble at the same time on their respective instruments. It is not played with sheet music but from memory, so it is not exact and it remains fluid as each musician remains perfectly in sync with one another. Each instrument adds its own touch, which makes Gagaku music sound unique. This melody is always the main focus, and one of the distinguishing features of Gagaku music is that each of the eight instruments plays a distinct version of the melody that is their own. These eight instruments may vary depending on the type of Gagaku, but having eight different parts is typical of Gagaku music. In some Gagaku ensembles, parts are doubled so there may be more than eight players, but there are always only eight distinct parts.

The roles of each instrument within this form are as follows:

• Three wind instruments play the main melody as the most prominent voices in the ensemble.
  • Hichiriki (similar to an oboe with a larger reed) is the main melody voice and embellishes the melody with microtones made possible by the larger reed.
  • Fue (horizontal flute) uses its higher range to play a variation on the melody.
  • Sho (bamboo pipe mouth organ) plays simplified version of the main melody and colors it with five and six tone harmonies.
• Two string instruments play simplified versions of the main melody.
  • Biwa (four strings) plays both single tones and four voice chords.
  • Koto (thirteen strings) plays repetitive melodic patterns.
• Three percussion instruments provide an anchor point for the rhythm and emphasize the phrasing of the melody.
  • Taiko (suspended drum) plays the primary accent in each phrase.
  • Kakko (small braced drum) is the leader of the entire ensemble and controls tempo changes.
  • Shoko (gong) provides rhythmic support.

Influence on Western music

Beginning in the 20th century, several western classical composers became interested in gagaku, and composed works based on gagaku. Most notable among these are Henry Cowell (Ongaku, 1957), La Monte Young (numerous works of drone music, but especially Trio for Strings, 1958), Alan Hovhaness (numerous works), Olivier Messiaen (Sept haïkaï, 1962), Lou Harrison (Pacifika Rondo, 1963), Benjamin Britten (Curlew River, 1964), Bengt Hambraeus (Shogaku, from Tre Pezzi per Organo, 1967), Ákos Nagy (Veiled wince flute quartet 2010), Jarosław Kapuściński (numerous works), Sarah Peebles (numerous works), Michiko Toyama (Waka, 1960), and Tim Hecker (Konoyo and Anoyo, 2018 and 2019 respectively).

One of the most important gagaku musicians of the 20th century, Masataro Togi (who served for many years as chief court musician), instructed American composers such as Alan Hovhaness and Richard Teitelbaum in the playing of gagaku instruments.

Other cultural influence

The American poet Steve Richmond developed a unique style based on the rhythms of gagaku. Richmond heard gagaku music on records at U.C.L.A.'s Department of Ethnomusicology in the early 1960s. In a 2009 interview with writer Ben Pleasants, Richmond claimed he had written an estimated 8,000–9,000 gagaku poems.

See also

• Aak
• Etenraku
• Gigaku
• Kagura
• Nhã nhạc
• Yayue

References

• Alves, William (2006). Music of the Peoples of the World. Thomson Schirmer.
• Garfias, Robert (January 1960). "Gradual Modifications of the Gagaku Tradition". Ethnomusicology, Vol. 4, No. 1. pp. 16–19.
• Malm, William P. (1959). Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. Japan: Charles E. Tuttle Co.
• Matsumiya, Suiho (1959). "Traditional Music in Japan To-Day: Its Stability and Evolution." Journal of the International Folk Music Council. Vol. 11. pp. 65–66. . JSTOR 834861.

External links

• Gagaku (Japanese Imperial Court Music) – The Imperial Household Agency
• Gagaku – UNESCO
• Gagaku Japanese Court Music & Dance
• Ancient Japan: The Earliest Japanese Music
• Gagaku music: Repertoire, Instruments and Orchestration