James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde

James FitzJames Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, Template:Post-nominals (29 April 1665 – 16 September 1745) was an Irish statesman and soldier. He was the third of the Kilcash branch of the family to inherit the earldom of Ormond. Like his grandfather, the 1st Duke, he was raised as a Protestant, unlike his extended family who held to Roman Catholicism. He served in the campaign to put down the Monmouth Rebellion, in the Williamite War in Ireland, in the Nine Years' War and in the War of the Spanish Succession but was accused of treason and went into exile after the Jacobite rising of 1715. Template:TOC limit

Birth and origins

James was born on 29 April 1665 at Dublin Castle. He was the second but eldest surviving son of Thomas Butler by his wife Emilia van Nassau-Beverweerd.Template:Sfn His father was known as Lord Ossory. He was heir apparent of James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond but predeceased him and so never became duke. His father's family, the Butler dynasty, was Old English and descended from Theobald Walter, who had been appointed Chief Butler of Ireland by King Henry II in 1177.Template:Sfn James's mother was Dutch. She descended from a cadet branch of the House of Nassau. Both parents were Protestant. They married on 17 November 1659.Template:Sfn

They had eleven children.Template:Sfn

James listed among his siblings

He appears among some of his siblings as the fourth child: Elizabeth (died 1717), married William Stanley, 9th Earl of Derby in 1673Template:Sfn Henrietta (died 1724), married Henry de Nassau d'Auverquerque, 1st Earl of GranthamTemplate:Sfn Amelia (died 1760), inherited from her brother Charles and never marriedTemplate:Sfn James (1665–1745) Charles (1671–1758), became the de jure 3rd Duke of Ormonde, following his elder brother's attainder in 1715

Early life

He was educated in France and afterwards at Christ Church, Oxford.Template:Sfn On the death of his father on 30 July 1680 he became Baron Butler in the English peerage and the 7th Earl of Ossory in the Irish Peerage.Template:Sfn On 9 February 1683 he was admitted to the Middle Temple, alongside his grandfather, James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond, and several other peers.

Early military career

File:The Battle of the Boyne, 1 July 1690 (by Jan Wyck).jpg

The Battle of the Boyne, at which Butler commanded the Queen's Troop.

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Arms of James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde

He obtained command of a cavalry regiment in Ireland in 1683,Template:Sfn and having received an appointment at court on the accession of James II, he served against the Duke of Monmouth at the Battle of Sedgemoor in July 1685.Template:Sfn Having succeeded his grandfather as 2nd Duke of Ormonde on 21 July 1688, he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Garter on 28 September 1688.Template:Sfn In 1688 he also became Chancellor of the University of DublinTemplate:Sfn and Chancellor of the University of Oxford.Template:Sfn

In January and February 1689 he voted against the motion to put William of Orange and Mary on the throne and against the motion to declare that James II had abdicated it.Template:Sfn Nevertheless, he subsequently joined the forces of William of Orange, by whom he was made colonel of the Queen's Troop of Horse Guards on 20 April 1689. He accompanied William in his Irish campaign, debarking with him in Carrickfergus on 14 June 1690Template:Sfn and commanded this troop at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690.Template:Sfn In February 1691 he became Lord Lieutenant of Somerset.Template:Sfn

He served on the continent under William of Orange during the Nine Years' War and, having been promoted to major-general, he fought at the Battle of Steenkerque in August 1692 and the Battle of Landen in July 1693, where he was taken prisoner by the French and then exchanged for the Duke of Berwick, James II's illegitimate son.Template:Sfn He was promoted to lieutenant-general in 1694.Template:Sfn

After the accession of Queen Anne in March 1702, he became commander of the land forces co-operating with Sir George Rooke in Spain, where he fought in the Battle of Cádiz in August 1702Template:Sfn and the Battle of Vigo Bay in October 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714).Template:Sfn Having been made a Privy Councillor, Ormonde succeeded Lord Rochester as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1703.Template:Sfn In 1704 he leased and rebuilt a property that became known as Ormonde Lodge in Richmond outside London.Template:Sfn

Following the dismissal of the Duke of Marlborough, Ormonde was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Forces and colonel of the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards on 4 January 1712Template:Sfn and Captain-General on 26 February 1712.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In the Irish Parliament Ormonde and the majority of peers supported the Tory interest.Template:Sfn

File:James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, 1665-1745, when Lord Ossory RMG BHC2923.tiff

James when he was still Lord Ossory

The Guiscard affair

He played a dramatic role at the notorious meeting of the Privy Council on 8 March 1711 when Antoine de Guiscard, a French double agent who was being questioned about his treasonable activities, attempted to assassinate Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford, against whom he had a personal grudge for drastically cutting his allowance, by stabbing him with a penknife (how he managed to get into the Council room with a weapon remains a mystery).Template:Sfn Harley was wounded, but not seriously, due largely to the fact that he was wearing a heavy gold brocade waistcoat, in which the knife got stuck. Several Councillors, including Ormonde, stabbed Guiscard in return.Template:Sfn Guiscard implored Ormonde to finish the deed, but Ormonde replied that it was not for him to play the hangman.Template:Sfn In any case, he had the sense to see that Guiscard must be kept alive at least long enough to be questioned, although as it turned out Guiscard's wounds were fatal and he died a week later.Template:Sfn

The last campaign

On 23 April 1712 he left Harwich for Rotterdam to lead the British troops taking part in the war.Template:Sfn Once there he allowed himself to be made the tool of the Tory ministry, whose policy was to carry on the war in the Netherlands while giving secret orders to Ormonde to take no active part in supporting their allies under Prince Eugene.Template:Sfn In July 1712 Ormonde advised Prince Eugene that he could no longer support the siege of Quesnoy and that he was withdrawing the British troops from the action and instead intended to take possession of Dunkirk.Template:Sfn The Dutch were so exasperated at the withdrawal of the British troops that they closed the towns of Bouchain on Douai to British access, despite the fact that they had plenty of stores and medical facilities available. Ormonde took possession of Ghent and Bruges as well as Dunkirk, in order to ensure his troops were adequately provided for.Template:Sfn On 15 April 1713 he became Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk.Template:Sfn

Jacobite

Ormonde's position as Captain-General made him a personage of much importance in the crisis brought about by the death of Queen Anne and, during the last years of Queen Anne, Ormonde almost certainly had Jacobite leanings and corresponded with the Jacobite Court including his cousin, Piers Butler, 3rd Viscount Galmoye, who kept barrels of gunpowder at Kilkenny Castle. King George I on his accession to the throne in August 1714 instituted extensive changes and excluded the Tories from royal favour. Ormonde was stripped of his posts as Captain-General, as colonel of the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards and as Commander in Chief of the Forces with the first two posts going to the Duke of MarlboroughTemplate:Sfn and the role of Commander-in-Chief going to the Earl of Stair. On 19 November 1714 Ormonde was instead made a member of the reconstituted Privy Council of Ireland.Template:Sfn

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James Butler c. 1725–1730

Accused of supporting the Jacobite rising of 1715, during which the rebels had shouted "High church and Ormond",Template:Sfn he was impeached for high treason by Lord Stanhope on 21 June 1715.Template:Sfn He might have avoided the impending storm of parliamentary prosecution, if he had remained in England and stood trial but instead he chose to flee to France in August 1715Template:Sfn and initially stayed in Paris with Lord Bolingbroke.Template:Sfn On 20 August 1715 he was attainted by the Template:Visible anchor (1 Geo. 1. St. 2. c. 17); his estate forfeited, and honours extinguished.Template:Sfn The Earl Marshal was instructed to remove the names and armorial bearings of Ormonde and Bolingbroke from the list of peersTemplate:Sfn and Ormonde's banner as Knight of the Garter was taken down in St George's Chapel.Template:Sfn

On 20 June 1716, the Parliament of Ireland passed the County Palatine of Tipperary Act 1715 (2 Geo. 1. c. 8 (I)), extinguishing the regalities and liberties of the county palatine of Tipperary; for vesting his estate in the crown and for giving a reward of £10,000 for his apprehension, should he attempt to land in Ireland.Template:Sfn But the Parliament of Great Britain passed the Crown Lands (Forfeited Estates) Act 1720 (7 Geo. 1. St. 1. c. 22) on 24 June 1721 which enabled his brother, Charles Butler, 1st Earl of Arran, to purchase his estate, which he accordingly did.Template:Sfn

Ormonde subsequently moved to SpainTemplate:Sfn where he held discussions with Cardinal Alberoni.Template:Sfn He later took part in a Spanish and Jacobite plan to invade England and put James Francis Edward Stuart on the British throne in 1719, but his fleet was disbanded by a storm in the Bay of Biscay.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In 1732 he moved to Avignon,Template:Sfn where he was seen in 1733 by the writer, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.Template:Sfn Ormonde died at Avignon in exile on 16 November 1745, but his body was brought back to London and buried in Westminster Abbey on 22 May 1746.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

File:Michael Dahl Mary Somerset (detail).png

Mary Somerset, his second wife, painted by Michael Dahl

Marriage and children

On 20 July 1682 he, then called Lord Ossory, married Lady Anne Hyde, daughter of Laurence Hyde, who was then Viscount Hyde of Kenilworth but became Earl of Rochester in November.Template:Sfn The couple had a daughter, Mary, who died young in 1688.Template:Sfn

Following the death of his first wife (which is known to have caused him intense grief) in 1685, Ossory planned to marry again, in order to secure a male heir. He gained permission from the House of Lords for the arranging of a jointure for another marriage in May 1685, and in August of that year, he married Lady Mary Somerset,Template:Sfn daughter of the Duke of Beaufort and Mary Capel. Template:Sfn The couple had a son, Thomas (1686–1689), and two daughters, Elizabeth (1689–1750) and Mary (1690–1713).Template:Sfn Ormonde's second wife was a lady of the bedchamber to Queen Anne. Their younger daughter, Mary, married John Ashburnham, 1st Earl of Ashburnham.Template:Sfn

Bibliography

Books

• Barnard, Toby, and Jane Fenlon (eds.) (2000). The Dukes of Ormonde, 1610–1745. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. Template:ISBN Template:Catalog lookup link
• – Marriages, baptisms and burials from about 1660 to 1875
• – N to R (for Ormonde)
• (for his father)
• – England (for his sister Elizabeth, cited in this edition because the corresponding page is missing in the 1828 edition.)
• – Scotland and Ireland
• (for him)
• – Viscounts (for Ormond under Butler, Viscount Mountgarrett)
• – From the revolution to the death of George II
• – 1713 to 1748
• – 1700 to 1713

London Gazette

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Further reading

• Murdoch, Tessa (ed.) (2022). Great Irish Households: Inventories from the Long Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: John Adamson, pp. 25–85 Template:ISBN Template:Catalog lookup link.

External links

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• Template:UK National Archives ID

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