James Allen (highwayman)

James Allen (November 16, 1809Template:SndJuly 17, 1837), also known as George Walton, Jonas Pierce, James H. York, and Burley Grove, was an American highwayman.

Start in crime

According to his confession, Allen made many attempts to find work in his early teens but turned to theft after multiple employers failed to pay him what he was owed. Allen was in and out of prison from 1825-1837, eventually imprisoned in the Massachusetts State Prison, which opened in 1805, in Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts.

Jabez Boyden robbery

Allen was released from the Charlestown state prison in December 1833 after a two year term for robbery.Template:Sfn Upon his release, the warden advised him to make his "living by honest industry" instead of crime.Template:Sfn Allen responded that he was not sure what direction his life would take following his release.Template:Sfn

As soon as he was out, Allen purchased a pair of pistols and hid out in the woods along the Dedham Turnpike near the Roxbury line.Template:Sfn Allen robbed Deacon Jabez Boyden of Dedham's Second Parish at gunpoint as he drove a wagon of goods down to Dedham.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Dedham fires

Around two o'clock in the morning on October 30, 1832, a fire broke out in the stable of Bride's Inn in Dedham, Massachusetts and quickly traveled to the hotel, leveling both in 90 minutes.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The fire killed 66 horses and one man, who was sleeping in the barn.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn It was assumed that the man, a veteran of the Revolution walking to Washington, D.C. to beg for a pension, was the cause of the fire.Template:Sfn The veteran was buried at the local cemetery, and it took several days to cart all of the dead horses down to the marshes where their carcasses could be sunk into the mud.Template:Sfn

Bride rebuilt the inn, naming it the Phoenix Hotel in honor of it rising from the ashes.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Another fire broke out in the stables around 2:00 a.m. on January 7, 1834, just 15 months later.Template:Sfn After the second fire, the stables were rebuilt further down Washington Street and away from the hotel.Template:Sfn

Around the time of the second fire, 70 or 80 horses owned by another stagecoach company were poisoned in a neighboring community, growing suspicions that the repeated fires were not accidental and might perhaps be related to the stagecoach companies.Template:Sfn The Dedham Selectmen offered a $500 reward for the capture of the arsonist, and the Citizen's Stagecoach Company offered an additional $500.Template:Sfn

John Wade, a resident at the competing Norfolk House, got drunk one evening and mentioned that he knew something about the first fire.Template:Sfn He was arrested within an hour and eventually confessed that he had been hired by the owner of the Norfolk House to light the first fire.Template:Sfn Allen was later identified as the culprit in the second fire and was indicted, but he died of consumption in prison before he could be tried.Template:Sfn

Aborted bank robbery

Allen returned to Boston after robbing Boyden.Template:Sfn He committed several more thefts before meeting up with John Wade, whom he knew from prison.Template:Sfn The two considered robbing a bank in Rhode Island but, finding it too well guarded, decided to return to Massachusetts.Template:Sfn During this time, Wade hinted to Allen that he was responsible for burning down Bride's Tavern.Template:Sfn He also let Allen known that he knew Allen was responsible for the Boyden robbery.Template:Sfn

The pair rented a room at the Norfolk House in Dedham.Template:Sfn When the Phoenix Hotel caught fire again, Allen suspected Wade and quickly left, heading towards communities north of Boston.Template:Sfn

Fenno robbery

Allen attempted to rob a wagon driven by Mr. Presser and John Fenno along the Salem Turnpike.Template:Sfn Fenno leapt from the wagon onto Allen, and Allen's gun discharged.Template:Sfn The bullet was deflected off a buckle on Fenno's suspenders.Template:Sfn Allen escaped on his horse, but was arrested three days later on January 16.Template:Sfn

Trials

After a three day trial, Allen was convicted of the attempted robbery of Fenno.Template:Sfn He was sentenced to 20 years at the Charlestown state prison, plus two years at hard labor.Template:Sfn

In May 1834, Allen was indicted for the Boyden robbery.Template:Sfn Before he could be brought to Dedham, he escaped and ran off to Canada.Template:Sfn In April 1835, he was arrested when he was found back in Boston.Template:Sfn

At the trial, Allen was defended by Horace Mann, who tried to place a reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury by pointing out that Boyden had previously identified someone else as the man who robbed him.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The strategy worked, and there was a hung jury.Template:Sfn

In November, while in prison awaiting his second trial, Allen was able to break free from the chains that kept him attached to the ground, jump the jailer who was bringing him a meal, and then run full speed up a set of stairs with the jailer on his back.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn A second jailer stopped them and threatened to club Allen, at which point he stopped trying to run, saying: "No harm done."Template:Sfn A subsequent inspection of his cell found seven small files, two files, one chisel, a hammer, and a knife hidden inside a hollowed out handle.Template:Sfn

His second trial also ended in a hung jury, at which time he was returned to the Charleston prison.Template:Sfn

Confessions and death

Allen died in the Charlestown prison of consumption.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

While in Charlestown, Allen became deathly ill.Template:Sfn He spoke openly to the warden, confessing many crimes but denying any involvement with the burning of the tavern in Dedham.Template:Sfn The warden wrote down much of what Allen told him and published it as the Narrative of the Life of James Allen, alias Jonas Pierce, alias James H. York, alias Burley Grove, the Highwayman, Being His Death-bed Confession to the Warden of the Massachusetts State Prison.

Allen said that Fenno was the only brave man he ever met.Template:Sfn He asked that a copy of the book be bound in his own skin and given to Fenno.Template:Sfn After his death, a large patch of skin was removed from his back and tanned.Template:Sfn On the cover was written "Hic Liber Waltonis Cute Compatus Est," or "Here is the book Walton made of his own skin."Template:Sfn The book was given to Fenno, and his family kept it for many years.Template:Sfn When Fenno's children and grandchildren misbehaved, they were paddled with the book.Template:Sfn Today, it is in the collections of the Boston Athenaeum.Template:Sfn

External links

• Internet Archive version of Allen's' confession.
• The Boston Athenaeum's transcript of the text

Works cited

1. REDIRECT Template:Source-attribution

Bibliography

Allen, James. Narrative of the Life of James Allen, alias Jonas Pierce, alias James H. York, alias Burley Grove, the Highwayman, Being His Death-bed Confession to the Warden of the Massachusetts State Prison. Boston: Harrington and Co., 1837.