Ifá

File:Jogo de Ikin Orossi.JPG

A divination tray on which cowrie shells rests, as are used for Ifá divination

Ifá or Fá is a geomantic system originating from Yorubaland in West Africa. It originates within the traditional religion of the Yoruba people. It is also practiced by followers of West African Vodun and certain African diasporic religions such as Cuban Santería.

According to Ifá teaching, the divinatory system is overseen by an orisha spirit, Orunmila, who is believed to have given it to humanity. Ifá is organised as an initiatory tradition, with an initiate called a babaláwo or bokɔnɔ. Traditionally, these are all-male, although women have been initiated in Cuba and Mexico. Its oracular literary body is made up of 256 volumes (signs) that are divided into two categories, the first called Ojú Odù or main Odù that consists of 16 chapters. The second category is composed of 240 chapters called Amúlù Odù (omoluos), these are composed through the combination of the main Odù. They use either the divining chain known as Ọ̀pẹ̀lẹ̀, or the sacred palm (Elaeis guineensis) or kola nuts called Ikin, on the wooden divination tray called Ọpọ́n Ifá to mathematically calculate which Odu to use for what problem.

Ifá is first recorded among the Yoruba people of West Africa. The expansion of Yoruba influence over neighbouring peoples resulted in the spread of Ifá, for instance to Fon people practising West African Vodun. As a result of the Atlantic slave trade, enslaved initiates of Ifá were transported to the Americas. There, Ifá survived in Cuba, where it developed an overlap with Afro-Cuban religious traditions such as Santería and Abakuá. Growing transnational links between Africa and the Americas during the 1970s also saw attempts by West African babalawos to train and initiate people in countries like Brazil and the United States.

Definitions

According to traditional lore, Ifâ began in the city of Ile-Ife in Yorubaland.Template:Sfn Since that point, its practice has spread throughout lower Nigeria and westward into coastal Benin and Togo and then in Ghana.Template:Sfn It has also been taken to the Americas, where it is practiced within some African diasporic religions.Template:Sfn

The term Ifá is the Yoruba language name for the practice. In the Fon language it is called Fá, and among the Ewe and Mina languages it is Afa.Template:Sfn The Yoruba system of Ifá is deemed more time consuming, and requires more sacrifices, than the Fá system among the Fon.Template:Sfn In the Fon-dominated Ouidah, therefore, some people think of Yoruba Ifá as being more potent than their own local system.Template:Sfn Some people who have been initiated into Fon-style Fá thus later go through additional ceremonies to be initiated into Yoruba-style Ifá.Template:Sfn

Belief

Sixteen Principal Odu

Name	1	2	3	4
Ogbè	I	I	I	I
Ọ̀yẹ̀kú	II	II	II	II
Ìwòrì	II	I	I	II
Òdí	I	II	II	I
Ìrosùn	I	I	II	II
Ọ̀wọ́nrín	II	II	I	I
Ọ̀bàrà	I	II	II	II
Ọ̀kànràn	II	II	II	I
Ògúndá	I	I	I	II
Ọ̀ṣá	II	I	I	I
Ìká	II	I	II	II
Òtúúrúpọ̀n	II	II	I	II
Òtúrá	I	II	I	I
Ìrẹ̀tẹ̀	I	I	II	I
Ọ̀ṣẹ́	I	II	I	II
Òfún (Ọ̀ràngún)	II	I	II	I

Sixteen Principal Afa-du (Yeveh Vodou)

Name	1	2	3	4
Eji-Ogbe	I	I	I	I
Ọyeku-Meji	II	II	II	II
Iwori-Meji	II	I	I	II
Odi-Meji	I	II	II	I
Irosun-Meji	I	I	II	II
Ọwanrin-Meji	II	II	I	I
Ọbara-Meji	I	II	II	II
Ọkanran-Meji	II	II	II	I
Ogunda-Meji	I	I	I	II
Ọsa-Meji	II	I	I	I
Ika-Meji	II	I	II	II
Oturupon-Meji	II	II	I	II
Otura-Meji	I	II	I	I
Irete-Maji	I	I	II	I
Ọse-Meji	I	II	I	II
Ofun meji	II	I	II	I

Theology

In Yorubaland, divination gives priests unreserved access to the teachings of Ọ̀rúnmìlà. Among the Fon, Ọ̀rúnmìlà is known as Fá.Template:Sfn In the Fon language, fa literally means "coolness" and evokes the concepts of mildness, softness, peacefulness, and equilibrium.Template:Sfn This is deemed appropriate because the tutelary practice of the divination system, Fá, is thought to promote coolness and to dislike hot things.Template:Sfn Among the Yoruba, this concept of coolness is also important, but is referred to as tutu, a term bearing no linguistic associations with Ifá.Template:Sfn

In the West African religions that incorporate Ifá divination, the spirit-deity known among Yoruba people as Eshu-Elegba, Eshu, or Elegbara, is deemed the intermediate communicator relaying Ifá's will both to humanity and to other spirit-deities.Template:Sfn Among the Fon, Eshu is termed Legba, and among the Ewe and Mina, he is Elegy.Template:Sfn Ifá divination rites provide an avenue of communication to the spiritual realm and the intent of one's destiny.

Among the Fon, it is the female spirit Gbădu who is regarded as the source of Fá's power.Template:Sfn She is deemed to be the wife of Fá.Template:Sfn Her presence is required for new initiations.Template:Sfn She is believed to offer significant protection for people but her veneration is thought dangerous unless a person is initiated.Template:Sfn It is for instance believed that women must be kept apart from her presence, for if they get near her they may be struck barren or die.Template:Sfn

System

Odù Ifá

Ifá consists of 256 binary signs.Template:Sfn The Yoruba term odù instead appears in Fon as a dù.Template:Sfn

In Fon, the sacred palm nuts are called fádékwín.Template:Sfn A "divining chain" is referred to in Yoruba as a òpèlè and in Fon as an akplɛ.Template:Sfn It may comprise eight halves of a nut, tied together.Template:Sfn The way in which it falls then reveals one of 256 possible signs.Template:Sfn

To perform the divination, the babalawo will often be seated on a mat.Template:Sfn Before casting the divining chain the diviner may sing to call forth Fá.Template:Sfn In Fon, the divining tray is called a fátɛ.Template:Sfn In West Africa, the quality of the fátɛ may indicate the babalawo's financial success; some who have a small client base may use only a plastic or cardboard tray, while those with access to greater funds may pay for an elaborate, purpose built wooden fátɛ.Template:Sfn

Another ritual object is known to the Yoruba as Ǫpá Ǫșun and to the Fon as a fásɛn.Template:Sfn This consists of a metal staff, four to five feet tall, that is capped at the top with a metal disk and sometimes a metal rooster.Template:Sfn When a fásɛn is created, it is washed in specific leaves and the blood of 16 giant snails; this task is performed by women, secluded from the view of men.Template:Sfn Any chickens sacrificed to the fásɛn are only eaten by women.Template:Sfn

There are sixteen major books in the Odu Ifá literary corpus. When combined, there are a total of 256 Odu (a collection of sixteen, each of which has sixteen alternatives ⇔ 16², or 4⁴) that are believed to reference all situations, circumstances, actions and consequences in life based on the uncountable ese (or "poetic tutorials") relative to the 256 Odu coding. These form the basis of traditional Yoruba spiritual knowledge and are the foundation of all Yoruba divination systems. Ifá proverbs, stories, and poetry are not written down. Rather, they are passed down orally from one babalawo to another. Yoruba people consult Ifá for divine intervention and spiritual guidance.

Among the Yoruba, divination trays are usually circular although can be quadrangular; conversely, this latter shape is most common among those trays used by Fon speakers.Template:Sfn

The Messenger sign of Ifá

File:Ceremonia orula.JPG

Ceremonial offerings in Ifá

In addition to the sixteen fundamental signs, Ifá divination includes a major sign, which is the combination of Ọse and Otura, from right to left (Ọse-Tura).

Ọse-Tura

I	I
II	II
I	I
I	II

That sign must be written each time a ritual is performed: Ọse-Tura is the messenger and the carrier of the sacrifice. It is closely associated with the god Èṣù in the system of Ifá. That Messenger sign was known in Arab and Latin medieval geomancy as the Morning Star.

Babalawos

File:Babalawo Opele opon.jpg

A babalawo photographed in West Africa

An initiate of Ifá is called a babaláwo in Yoruba and a bokɔnɔ in Fon.Template:Sfn

Traditionally only heterosexual men are allowed to become babalawos,Template:Sfnm with women and homosexual males being excluded.Template:Sfnm Some gay men have nevertheless been initiated;Template:Sfn in both Cuba and the United States, for example, several babalawos have initiated their openly gay sons.Template:Sfn Moreover, despite the traditional prohibition on women taking on this role,Template:Sfnm the scholar of religion Mary Ann Clark noted that by the early 21st century, female practitioners were "becoming institutionalized in some religious communities" in the United States, where they were known as either iyalawo (mother of secrets) or iyanifá (mother of Ifá).Template:Sfn Female practitioners have also been reported in Mexico.Template:Sfn

File:Babalawo ifa.jpg

Four babalawos photographed in 2021

The restriction on female initiation is explained through the story that the òrìṣà Orula was furious that Yemayá, his wife, had used his tabla divining board and subsequently decided to ban women from ever touching it again.Template:Sfn Among the Fon, one tradition maintains that women do not need to be initiated into the traditions of the female spirit Gbădu—who is Fá's wife—because they already have the power of creation within them.Template:Sfn According to Fon diviners, keeping women and Gbădu apart ensures a conceptual state of coolness.Template:Sfn This extends to a taboo on women eating any of the meat from animals sacrificed to Gbădu.Template:Sfn

Once an individual is initiated as a babalawo they are given a pot containing various items, including palm nuts, which is believed to be the literal embodiment of Orula.Template:Sfn Babalawos provide offerings to Orula, including animal sacrifices and gifts of money.Template:Sfn In Cuba, Ifá typically involves the casting of consecrated palm nuts to answer a question. The babalawo then interprets the message of the nuts depending on how they have fallen; there are 256 possible configurations in the Ifá system, which the babalawo is expected to have memorised.Template:Sfnm Individuals approach the babalawo seeking guidance, often on financial matters, at which the diviner will consult Orula through the established divinatory method.Template:Sfn In turn, those visiting the babalawos pay them for their services.Template:Sfn

Initiation

Initiation as a babalawo requires a payment to the initiator and is typically regarded as highly expensive.Template:Sfn In Benin, Fá initiation usually takes less than a week, whereas initiations into the cults of other vodún may take several weeks or months.Template:Sfn A distinction is made between an initiation that called yǐ Fá ("to receive Fá"), which is often seen as a "first initiation" into Fá's veneration, which offers his protection, and the priestly initiation, at which a person is said to Fázùnyí ("receive Fá's forest").Template:Sfn

Among the Fon, the sacred forest of Fá is called fázùn;Template:Sfn this is differentiated from ordinary forest by shredded palm fronds, known in Fon as asàn and in Yoruba as màrìwò.Template:Sfn It will be here that new initiates are led; they will be accompanied with animals for sacrifice, by existing initiates singing praise songs, and by a person leading the way carrying a fásɛn.Template:Sfn A figurine of the spirit Lɛgbá may be brought along for the ritual, invoking this deity to guard the initiates' passage into the forest. Offerings will be given to him, and divination employed to check that he accepts them.Template:Sfn

In the forest, the new initiate will be given a kola nut to eat, to bring him in communion with Fá.Template:Sfn All present may then place their hands together on the fásɛn, to which a rooster may then be sacrificed.Template:Sfn The newcomer's eyes will be washed in a herbal mixture called Gbădùsin.Template:Sfn The neophyte will then be blindfolded and then led into the sacred grove of the fázùn, where the secret teachings of Fá are revealed to them.Template:Sfn Divination will be used to determine under which of the 256 signs their priesthood will be born. The selected sign indicates to which spirits they should pay particular attention and to which taboos they must observe.Template:Sfn This may involve avoiding eating certain foods, wearing certain colors, or engaging in specific actions.Template:Sfn The initiate's head will then be shaved as a symbol of their initiation and they will be ritually bathed and wrapped in white cloth.Template:Sfn A celebration follows, in which a goat may be sacrificed to Fá and the participants eat its meat.Template:Sfn

The initiate may receive a small bundle, the kpɔli, containing secret ingredients corresponding to their personal du.Template:Sfn They may also receive a small vessel to house their palm nuts and a small stone, the ken, to protect them from witchcraft.Template:Sfn

History

West African origins

The 16-principle system has its earliest history in West Africa. Each Niger–Congo-speaking ethnic group which practices it has their own myth of origin; Yoruba religion suggests that it was founded by Orunmila in Ilé-Ifẹ̀ when he initiated himself and then he initiated his students, Akoda and Aseda. According to the book The History of the Yorubas from the Earliest of Times to the British Protectorate (1921) by Nigerian historian Samuel Johnson and Obadiah Johnson, it was Arugba, the mother of Onibogi, the 8th Alaafin of Oyo, who introduced Oyo to Ifá in the late 1400s. She initiated the Alado of Ado and conferred on him the right to initiate others. The Alado, in turn, initiated the priests of Oyo and that was how Ifá came to be in the Oyo empire.

Ifá originated among the Yoruba peoples.Template:Sfn The linguist Wande Abimbola argued that Ifá probably derived from a simpler divinatory system, diloggun; this contrasts with the belief of some babalawos that diloggun was based on Ifá.Template:Sfn

Between circa 1727 and 1823, the kingdom of Dahomey was a vassal state of the Yoruba-dominated Oyo Empire to the east, thus resulting in much religious interchange.Template:Sfn In this period, the Fon people of Dahomey adopted Ifá as well as the Orò and Egungun cults from the Yoruba.Template:Sfn Ifá was present in Dahomey by the reign of its fifth ruler, Tegbesú, who ruled from c.1732 to 1774, and was well established at the royal palace by the reign of Gezò, which lasted from 1818 to 1858.Template:Sfn

According to William Bascom, "an indication of the importance of Ifá to the [Yoruba] religious system as a whole is the fact that the most striking religious syncretisms resulting from European contact are to be found in a church established in Lagos in 1934, the Ijọ Ọ̀rúnmila Adulawọ, which was founded on the premise that the teachings of Ifa constitute the Yoruba Bible." It was also set up in Porto-Novo (Benin) the same year. According to Erwan Dianteill, the Church of Ifá is still active in 2024, in Nigeria and Benin, with around 2000 followers in Lagos, Porto-Novo and Cotonou.

Of the foreigners coming to West Africa for initiation into Vodún, the largest group sought initiation into Fá.Template:Sfn

Ifá in Cuba

In Cuba, Ifá came to be used in the Afro-Cuban religion of Santería.Template:Sfnm There, it is the most complex and prestigious divinatory system used in the religion.Template:Sfn The two are closely linked, sharing the same mythology and conception of the universe,Template:Sfnm with Orula or Ọ̀rúnmila having a prominent place within Santería.Template:Sfn In Cuba, Ifá nevertheless also retains a separate existence from Santería.Template:Sfn Many Cuban babalawos are also santeros, or male initiates of Santería,Template:Sfnm although it is not uncommon for babalawos to perceive themselves as being superior to santeros.Template:Sfn Although the presence of babalawos is not required for Santería ceremonies, they often attend in their capacity as diviners.Template:Sfnm Other Cuban babalawos have been initiates of the Abakuá society.Template:Sfn

At the time of the Cuban Revolution in 1959, there were an estimated 200 babalawos active on Cuba; by the 1990s, Cuban babalawos were claiming that they numbered tens of thousands on the island.Template:Sfn In the 1980s, Cuban babalawos created the organisation Ifá Yesterday, Ifá Today, Ifá Tomorrow, the first Cuban institution to represent the priesthood of an Afro-Cuban religion.Template:Sfn Following the Soviet Union's collapse in the 1990s, Cuba's government declared that the island was entering a "Special Period" in which new economic measures would be necessary. As part of this, it selectively supported Afro-Cuban and Santería traditions, partly out of a desire to boost tourism;Template:Sfnm priests of Santería, Ifá, and Palo all took part in government-sponsored tours for foreigners desiring initiation into such traditions.Template:Sfn

Ifá in the United States

Cuban migrants took Ifá to the United States. There, during the 1960s, a small group of babalawos dominated the Santería scene in New York. Their dominance was challenged by new Cuban migrants who arrived between 1965 and 1973 and who, although initiated santeros and santeras, were not babalawos.Template:Sfn The ethnomusicologist María Teresa Vélez noted that "two types of ocha house arose: those that still relied on the babalaos and did not question any of their prerogatives, and those that became independent of the babalaos for most of their ritual activities," with these latter houses often being run by women.Template:Sfn

In 1978, Ifá ceremonies took place in Miami, Florida, overseen by the Nigerian babalawo Ifayẹmi Elébùìbọn Awise of Osogbo. He was assisted in this by two Cuban babalawos, Luis Fernández-Pelón and José-Miguel Gómez, both of whom were Abakuá members.Template:Sfn In the 1980s, the Chicago-based Philip and Vassa Newmarket established their Ifa Foundation of North and Latin America. Departing from established tradition, they offered "bloodless" initiations that welcomed those who were unwilling to engage in animal sacrifice.Template:Sfn Claims have been made that the first woman initiated into Ifá was the Jewish American Dr. D'Haifa Odufora Ifatogun Ina Arara Agbaye.Template:Sfn

Ifá in Brazil

Although surviving in Cuban Santería, Ifá did not remain part of a Brazilian religion that owed much to Yoruba traditions, Candomblé.Template:Sfnm In Candomblé, dilogun instead forms the primary method of divination employed by its initiates.Template:Sfn One of the earliest practitioners of Ifá in Brazil was the French ethnographer Pierre Verger, who had become a babalawo in West Africa and who was also involved in Candomblé.Template:Sfn

As a result of growing links between Brazil and Nigeria, in the 1970s various educational efforts to promote understandings of Yoruba culture were established in Brazilian cities. This included the Yoruba Culture Research and Study Centre, founded in 1977 by Fernandes Portugal, and which brought in Nigerian teachers to run a course teaching Ifá.Template:Sfn The closing ceremony took place in January 1978, attended by 14 students who were granted the status of omo (son of) Ifá.Template:Sfn One of these pupils, a Candomblé initiate named José Nilton Vianna Reis (Torodê de Ogun), later went on to become a babalawo nine years later, before setting out his own Ifá teaching course in 1984.Template:Sfn

Reception

In 2008, UNESCO added Ifá to its list of the "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity".Template:Sfn

Further reading

• Abimbola, ’Wande. 1976. Ifá: An Exposition of Ifá Literary Corpus. Ibadan: Oxford University Press Nigeria. Repr., Brooklyn, N.Y.: Athelia Henrietta Press, 1997.
• Abimbola, ’Wande. 1997. Ifá Will Mend Our Broken World: Thoughts on Yoruba Religion and Culture in Africa and the Diaspora. Roxbury, Mass.: Aim.
• Abimbola, ’Wande. 2001. The Bag of Wisdom: Òsun and the Origins of the Ifá Divination. InMurphy and Sanford, 2001. Òsun Across the Waters: A Yoruba Goddess in Africa and the Americas. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001, 141–54
• Chief FAMA Fundamentals of the Yoruba Religion (Orisa Worship) Template:ISBN (works self-published through her company)
• Chief FAMA Practitioners' Handbook for the Ifa Professional Template:ISBN
• Chief FAMA Fundamentos de la Religion Yoruba (Adorando Orisa) Template:ISBN
• Chief FAMA FAMA'S EDE AWO (Orisa Yoruba Dictionary) Template:ISBN
• Chief FAMA The Rituals (novela) Template:ISBN
• Awo Fasina Falade Ifa: The Key to Its Understanding Template:ISBN
• Chief Adedoja Aluko The Sixteen (16) Major Odu Ifa from Ile-Ife Template:ISBN
• Chief S. Solagbade Popoola library, INC Ifa Dida: Vol 1 (EjiOgbe - Orangun Meji), Template:ISBN
• Chief S. Solagbade Popoola library, INC Ifa Dida: Vol 2 (Ogbe Oyeku - Ogbe Ofun), Template:ISBN
• Chief S. Solagbade Popoola & Fakunle Oyesanya Ikunle Abiyamo - The ASE of Motherhood Template:ISBN
• C. Osamaro Ibie Ifism the Complete Works of Orunmila Template:ISBN
• William R. Bascom: Ifa Divination: Communication Between Gods and Men in West Africa Template:ISBN
• William R. Bascom: Sixteen Cowries: Yoruba Divination from Africa to the New World Template:ISBN
• Rosenthal, J. ‘Possession Ecstasy & Law in Ewe Voodoo" Template:ISBN
• Maupoil, Bernard. "La Geomancie L'ancienne Côte des Esclaves
• Alapini, Julien. Les noix sacrées. Etude complète de Fa-Ahidégoun génie de la sagesse et de la divination au Dahomey
• Dr. Ron Eglash (1997) American Anthropologist Recursion in ethnomathematics, Chaos Theory in West African divination.
• Bàbálàwó Ifatunwase Tratados Enciclopédicos de Ifá (Colección Alafundé), Template:ISBN