IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)
Template:Short description Template:Wi-Fi Generations IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)Template:Snd or more correctly IEEE 802.11-1997 or IEEE 802.11-1999Template:Snd refers to the original version of the IEEE 802.11 wireless networking standard released in 1997 and clarified in 1999. Most of the protocols described by this early version are rarely used today.
Description
It specified two raw data rates of 1 and 2 megabits per second (Mbit/s) to be transmitted via infrared (IR) signals or by either frequency hopping or direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) in the Industrial Scientific Medical frequency band at 2.4 GHz. IR remained a part of the standard until IEEE 802.11-2016, but was never implemented.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
The original standard also defines carrier sense 0 access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) as the medium access method. A significant percentage of the available raw channel capacity is sacrificed (via the CSMA/CA mechanisms) in order to improve the reliability of data transmissions under diverse and adverse environmental conditions.
IEEE 802.11-1999 also introduced the binary time unit TU defined as 1024 μs.[1]
At least seven different, somewhat-interoperable, commercial products appeared using the original specification, from companies like Alvarion (PRO.11 and BreezeAccess-II), BreezeCom, Digital / Cabletron (RoamAbout), Lucent, Netwave Technologies (AirSurfer Plus and AirSurfer Pro), Symbol Technologies (Spectrum24), and Proxim Wireless (OpenAir and Rangelan2). A weakness of this original specification was that it offered so many choices that interoperability was sometimes challenging to realize. It is really more of a "beta specification" than a rigid specification, initially allowing individual product vendors the flexibility to differentiate their products but with little to no inter-vendor interoperability.
The DSSS version of legacy 802.11 was rapidly supplemented (and popularized) by the 802.11b amendment in 1999, which increased the bit rate to 11 Mbit/s. Widespread adoption of 802.11 networks only occurred after the release of 802.11b which resulted in multiple interoperable products becoming available from multiple vendors. Consequently, comparatively few networks were implemented on the 802.11-1997 standard.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Comparison
| Script error: No such module "navbar". | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency range, or type |
PHY | Protocol | Release date[2] |
Frequency | Bandwidth | Stream data rate[3] |
Max. MIMO streams |
Modulation | Approx. range | |||
| Indoor | Outdoor | |||||||||||
| (GHz) | (MHz) | (Mbit/s) | ||||||||||
| 1–7Script error: No such module "String".GHz | DSSS[4], |
802.11-1997 | June 1997 | 2.4 | 22 | 1, 2 | — | DSSS, |
Script error: No such module "convert". | Script error: No such module "convert". | ||
| HR/DSSS[4] | 802.11b | September 1999 | 2.4 | 22 | 1, 2, 5.5, 11 | — | CCK, DSSS | Script error: No such module "convert". | Script error: No such module "convert". | |||
| OFDM | 802.11a | September 1999 | 5 | 5, 10, 20 | 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 (for 20Script error: No such module "String".MHz bandwidth, divide by 2 and 4 for 10 and 5Script error: No such module "String".MHz) |
— | OFDM | Script error: No such module "convert". | Script error: No such module "convert". | |||
| 802.11j | November 2004 | 4.9, 5.0 Template:Efn-ua[5] |
? | ? | ||||||||
| 802.11y | November 2008 | 3.7Template:Efn-ua | ? | Script error: No such module "convert".Template:Efn-ua | ||||||||
| 802.11p | July 2010 | 5.9 | 200 m | Script error: No such module "convert".[6] | ||||||||
| 802.11bd | December 2022 | 5.9, 60 | 500 m | Script error: No such module "convert". | ||||||||
| ERP-OFDM[7] | 802.11g | June 2003 | 2.4 | Script error: No such module "convert". | Script error: No such module "convert". | |||||||
| HT-OFDM[8] | 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4) |
October 2009 | 2.4, 5 | 20 | Up to 288.8Template:Efn-ua | 4 | MIMO-OFDM (64-QAM) |
Script error: No such module "convert". | Script error: No such module "convert".[9] | |||
| 40 | Up to 600Template:Efn-ua | |||||||||||
| VHT-OFDM[8] | 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) |
December 2013 | 5 | 20 | Up to 693Template:Efn-ua | 8 | DL MU-MIMO OFDM (256-QAM) |
Script error: No such module "convert".[10] | ? | |||
| 40 | Up to 1,600Template:Efn-ua | |||||||||||
| 80 | Up to 3,467Template:Efn-ua | |||||||||||
| 160 | Up to 6,933Template:Efn-ua | |||||||||||
| HE-OFDMA | 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 6E) |
May 2021 | 2.4, 5, 6 | 20 | Up to 1,147Template:Efn-ua | 8 | UL/DL MU-MIMO OFDMA (1024-QAM) |
Script error: No such module "convert". | Script error: No such module "convert".Template:Efn-ua | |||
| 40 | Up to 2,294Template:Efn-ua | |||||||||||
| 80 | Up to 5,500Template:Efn-ua | |||||||||||
| 80+80 | Up to 11,000Template:Efn-ua | |||||||||||
| EHT-OFDMA | 802.11be (Wi-Fi 7) |
Sep 2024 | 2.4, 5, 6 | 80 | Up to 5,764Template:Efn-ua | 8 | UL/DL MU-MIMO OFDMA (4096-QAM) |
Script error: No such module "convert". | Script error: No such module "convert".Template:Efn-ua | |||
| 160 (80+80) |
Up to 11,500Template:Efn-ua | |||||||||||
| 240 (160+80) |
Up to 14,282Template:Efn-ua | |||||||||||
| 320 (160+160) |
Up to 23,059Template:Efn-ua | |||||||||||
| UHR | 802.11bn (Wi-Fi 8) |
May 2028 (est.) |
2.4, 5, 6, 42, 60, 71 |
320 | Up to 100,000 (100Script error: No such module "String".Gbit/s) |
16 | Multi-link MU-MIMO OFDM (8192-QAM) |
? | ? | |||
| WURTemplate:Efn-ua | 802.11ba | October 2021 | 2.4, 5 | 4, 20 | 0.0625, 0.25 (62.5Script error: No such module "String".kbit/s, 250Script error: No such module "String".kbit/s) |
— | OOK (multi-carrier OOK) | ? | ? | |||
| mmWave (WiGig) |
DMG[11] | 802.11ad | December 2012 | 60 | 2,160 (2.16Script error: No such module "String".GHz) |
Up to 8,085[12] (8Script error: No such module "String".Gbit/s) |
— | Script error: No such module "convert".[13] | ? | |||
| 802.11aj | April 2018 | 60Template:Efn-ua | 1,080[14] | Up to 3,754 (3.75Script error: No such module "String".Gbit/s) |
— | singleScript error: No such module "String".carrier, low-power single carrierTemplate:Efn-ua | ? | ? | ||||
| CMMG | 802.11aj | April 2018 | 45Template:Efn-ua | 540, 1,080 |
Up to 15,015[15] (15Script error: No such module "String".Gbit/s) |
4[16] | OFDM, singleScript error: No such module "String".carrier | ? | ? | |||
| EDMG[17] | 802.11ay | July 2021 | 60 | Up to 8,640 (8.64Script error: No such module "String".GHz) |
Up to 303,336[18] (303Script error: No such module "String".Gbit/s) |
8 | OFDM, singleScript error: No such module "String".carrier | 10Script error: No such module "String".m (33Script error: No such module "String".ft) | 100Script error: No such module "String".m (328Script error: No such module "String".ft) | |||
| Sub 1 GHz (IoT) | TVHT[19] | 802.11af | February 2014 | 0.054– 0.79 |
6, 7, 8 | Up to 568.9[20] | 4 | MIMO-OFDM | ? | ? | ||
| S1G[19] | 802.11ah | May 2017 | 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 |
1–16 | Up to 8.67[21] (@2Script error: No such module "String".MHz) |
4 | ? | ? | ||||
| Light (Li-Fi) |
LC (VLC/OWC) |
802.11bb | November 2023 | 800–1000 nm | 20 | Up to 9.6Script error: No such module "String".Gbit/s | — | O-OFDM | ? | ? | ||
(IrDA) |
802.11-1997 | June 1997 | 850–900 nm | ? | 1, 2 | — | ? | ? | ||||
| 802.11 Standard rollups | ||||||||||||
| 802.11-2007 (802.11ma) | March 2007 | 2.4, 5 | Up to 54 | DSSS, OFDM | ||||||||
| 802.11-2012 (802.11mb) | March 2012 | 2.4, 5 | Up to 150Template:Efn-ua | DSSS, OFDM | ||||||||
| 802.11-2016 (802.11mc) | December 2016 | 2.4, 5, 60 | Up to 866.7 or 6,757Template:Efn-ua | DSSS, OFDM | ||||||||
| 802.11-2020 (802.11md) | December 2020 | 2.4, 5, 60 | Up to 866.7 or 6,757Template:Efn-ua | DSSS, OFDM | ||||||||
| 802.11-2024 (802.11me) | September 2024 | 2.4, 5, 6, 60 | Up to 9,608 or 303,336 | DSSS, OFDM | ||||||||
Notes
References
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Further reading
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